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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2024.02.10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-1082</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИДЕИ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Государство и народ: нарастающее многообразие моделей отношений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The State and the People: growing diversity of relationship models</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаренко</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarenko</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макаренко Борис Игоревич, кандидат политических наук, профессор Департамента политики и управления Факультета социальных наук); президент Фонда</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Makarenko Boris</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bmakarenko@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»; Фонд «Центр политических технологий»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University; Center for Political Technologies Foundation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Меняющиеся мировые порядки</issue-title><fpage>218</fpage><lpage>236</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макаренко Б.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макаренко Б.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makarenko B.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1082">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1082</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье обосновывается необходимость разработки универсального индекса институционализированной конкуренции и участия, применимого для оценки политических режимов в различных странах мира. Эта необходимость диктуется переменами в состоянии обществ и каналов социальной коммуникации, вызванных процессами модернизации и политического развития. В политической науке принято рассматривать такие процессы в контексте демократизации, однако в данном случае предлагается ценностно-нейтральная оценка, основанная только на «твердых» данных статистики (в первую очередь – электоральной) и анализе конституционного дизайна политических систем. Поскольку к настоящему времени общенациональный парламент и всеобщее активное избирательное право существуют в подавляющем большинстве государств, такая оценка будет иметь близкий к универсальному характер.В состав индекса предлагается включить одну переменную для оценки политического участия – данные о явке на общенациональные выборы как доле от всего взрослого населения страны. Политическая же конкуренция анализируется на основании трех основных и четырех дополнительных переменных. Основные переменные – это уровни конкуренции при формировании соответственно исполнительной власти и парламента, а также роль парламента в формировании исполнительной власти. Дополнительные – возраст минимальной электоральной традиции, наличие в истории страны двух или более смен власти в результате выборов, наличие (или отсутствие) фактора отклонения от конституционных норм при формировании или отстранении от власти (например, перевороты), факт пребывания у власти одного лица на протяжении трех и более электоральных циклов. Такой индекс имеет комплексный и универсальный характер, его разработка позволит оценить и сравнить институциональные условия политического участия и конкуренции в подавляющем большинстве государств мира.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article substantiates the need to develop a universal index of institutionalized competition and participation to be applied for assessing political regimes in different states. This need is dictated by changes in societies and channels of social communication produced by modernization and political development. In political science, it is customary to consider such processes in the context of democratization, but, in this case, a value-neutral assessment is offered. It is based only on “hard” statistical data (primarily electoral) and analysis of the constitutional design of political systems. Since a national parliament and the universal active suffrage can be found in the vast majority of countries around the world, such an assessment might be close to universal.It is proposed to include one variable in the index to assess political participation – data on turnout in national elections as a share of a country’s total adult population. Political competition is analyzed basing on three primary and four additional variables. The primary variables are the levels of competition in the formation of the executive branch and the parliament, respectively, as well as the role of the legislative branch in the formation of the executive one. Additional variables include duration of the minimal electoral tradition, availability (or absence) of cases of two or more changes of power as a result of elections in country’s history, availability (or absence) of cases of deviation from constitutional norms during formation or removal from power (for example, coups d’état), availability (or absence) of cases of one person holding power for a period of three or more electoral cycles.Such an index is comprehensive and universal; its development might make it possible to assess and compare institutional conditions of political participation and competition in the vast majority of countries in the world.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>модернизация</kwd><kwd>политическая конкуренция</kwd><kwd>политическое участие</kwd><kwd>парламентаризм</kwd><kwd>выборы</kwd><kwd>политические партии</kwd><kwd>Политический атлас современного мира 2.0</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>modernization</kwd><kwd>political competition</kwd><kwd>political participation</kwd><kwd>parliamentarism</kwd><kwd>elections</kwd><kwd>political parties</kwd><kwd>Political Atlas of the Modern World 2.0</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках консорциума МГИМО МИД России и НИУ ВШЭ из средств гранта на реализацию программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет-2030».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared within the consortium of MGIMO University and HSE University and funded by the grant for the implementation of the Priority 2030 Strategic Academic Leadership Program.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Манен Б. 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