politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2023.01.14politscience-121Research ArticleПЕРВАЯ СТЕПЕНЬПроисхождение и классификация политических идеологий: междисциплинарный подходThe origins and classification of ideologies: a multidisciplinary approachКазаковИ. В.KazakovI. V.

Казаков Илья Викторович, магистр, аспирант департамента политики и управления Факультета социальных наук; ассистент кафедры философии и теологии

Москва

Псков

Moscow

Pskov

i.v.kazakov@list.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»; ФГБОУ ВО «Псковский государственный университет»РоссияHSE University; Pskov State UniversityRussian Federation1105202301Законодательные исследования в политической науке322337Copyright © Казаков И.В., 19701970Казаков И.В.Kazakov I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/121

Частные случаи столкновения позиций акторов по политическим вопросам восходят к разнице в идеологиях, которым они следуют. В связи с этим при анализе публичной политики было бы полезно относить частные позиции, выражаемые акторами, к общим идеологиям. Однако это затруднено недостатками тех классификаций политических идеологий, которые применяются в современной науке.Эти классификации сложились исторически, и поэтому их применимость ограничена теми историческими периодами и географическими рамками, для которых они актуальны. Существующие в современной политической науке подходы к идеологии (например, подход М. Фридена), хотя и дают полезные результаты, не позволяют должным образом ответить на вопрос о том, чем объясняется разница между идеологиями различных групп, претендующих на власть. Ответив на этот вопрос, мы получим критерий для научной классификации политических идеологий. В качестве такого критерия в статье предлагаются различия в ценностях, к которым обращаются группы для обоснования своих претензий на власть.Ценности служат основой для формирования политических идеологий: разница в ценностях групп определяет разницу в их идеологиях. В статье применяется качественная теория ценностей, разработанная антропологами Л. Дюмоном и Дж. Роббинсом. Для каждой частной идеологии предлагается выделять основную ценность, на которой она построена, и объединить такие идеологии в типы. В статье выделяется пять основных политических ценностей (родство, знание, сила, собственность, труд) и пять соответствующих им типов идеологий.

Particular cases of disputes between actors on political issues can be traced to the differences in the ideologies they follow. In this regard, analyzing political discourse, it would be useful to attribute individual positions expressed by actors to their ideologies. However, in practice this proves to be difficult due to the shortcomings of the classifications of political ideologies used in modern science. These classifica- tions have developed historically, and therefore their applicability is limited to those historical periods and geographical boundaries for which they are relevant. Although the approaches to ideology existing in modern political science (e.g. the approach of M. Frieden), give useful results, they do not properly answer the question of what explains the difference between the ideologies of various groups with claims to power. By answering this question, we get a criterion for a scientific typology of political ideologies. As such a criterion, this article proposes the difference in values that various groups use to justify their claims to power. Values serve as the basis for the construction of political ideologies, and the difference in values of various groups determines the difference in their ideologies. In the article, the qualitative theory of values developed by anthropologists (L. Dumont, J. Robbins) is used. For every private ideology, it is proposed to determine the core value upon which it is constructed. Ideologies that share the same core value are proposed to be grouped into types. The article identifies five possible core political values (kinship, knowledge, power, property, labor) and five corresponding types of ideologies.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.