politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2025.04.08politscience-1249Research ArticleИДЕИ И ПРАКТИКАЛидеры-популисты: между молотом психолога и наковальней психиатраPopulist leaders: between Psychologist’s Hammer and Clinicist’s AnvilХаритоноваО. Г.KharitonovaO. G.

Харитонова Оксана Геннадьевна, доцент кафедры сравнительной политологии

Москва

Kharitonova Oxana

Moscow

o.haritonova@inno.mgimo.ruМосковский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД РФРоссияMGIMO UniversityRussian Federation20250612202504Психология политических процессов174197Copyright © Харитонова О.Г., 20252025Харитонова О.Г.Kharitonova O.G.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1249

Повышающийся с 2000 г. уровень персонализации политики рассматривается как предвестник угрозы демократии со стороны лидеров, которые зачастую являются популистами и вносят в нее иррациональные элементы. Статья представляет обзор состояния научной дискуссии о чертах личности лидеров-популистов. Рассматриваются политико-психологические и психодиагностические подходы к анализу личностей президентов-популистов, использующие психобиографические методы и методы контент-анализа. Показаны возможности политической психологии и клинической психиатрии в области изучения личностей популистов и инструменты дистанционного профилирования личностей политиков. Проведен анализ современных исследований личностей лидеровпопулистов и их сторонников на основе социально желательных черт «Большой пятерки» и аверсивных черт «Темной триады». Продемонстрирован потенциал анализа сантиментов популистов, выявлены основные негативные эмоции – страх и злость. В качестве эксперимента сделана попытка определить возможности использования чата GPT для анализа речей политиков с целью выявления черт личности. Обзор исследований показал, что личность популиста имеет значение, и для электорального успеха популистам недостаточно предлагать избирателям «идеологию с разреженным центром», им надо быть неординарными личностями. Выявлено, что популисты отличаются от политиков мейнстрима наличием выраженных черт «Темной триады», неуступчивостью и эмоциональной неустойчивостью. Сделан вывод, что исследователям необходимо переосмыслить популистскую личность как патологическую норму (в логике Мюдде), при которой крайние проявления аверсивных личностных черт отличают популистов от кандидатов мейнстрима и обеспечивают поддержку избирателей. 

The increasing level of personalization of politics after 2000 is seen as a harbinger of threats to democracy from populist leaders introducing irrational elements into politics. The article gives an overview of the state of contemporary debate on personality traits of populist leaders. It examines political-psychological and psychodiagnostic approaches to the analysis of the personalities of populist presidents, using psychobiographical methods and methods of content analysis. The article reviews the potential of psychology and clinical psychiatry in the field of studying the personalities of politicians and the tools for remote profiling of their personalities. Current studies of the personalities of populist leaders and their supporters on the basis of socially desirable traits of the Big Five Inventory and the aversive traits of the Dark Triad are analysed. The sentiment analysis of populist speeches confirms the main negative populist emotions to be fear and anger. The article evaluates the potential and limitations of using chat GPT to analyse politicians’ speeches in order to identify positive and negative personality traits. The article reveals that the personality of a populist leader matters, and the electoral success requires not only a “thin-centered ideology” but an extraordinary individual presenting it. The research confirms that populists differ from mainstream politicians by the presence of pronounced traits of the “Dark Triad”, disagreeableness and emotional instability. The article concludes that scholars need to reevaluate the populist personality as a pathological norm (in Mudde’s logic), in which extreme manifestations of aversive personality traits distinguish populists from mainstream candidates and ensure voter support.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.