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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2026.01.13</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-1283</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАКУРСЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Женщины в польской политике: обеспечивают ли электоральные институты равное представительство?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Women in polish politics: do electoral institutions ensure equal representation?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7394-8332</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaylova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлова Ольга Владимировна - доктор политических наук, доцент факультета государственного управления.</p><p>Москва</p><p>IstinaResearcherID (IRID) 419757</p><p>ResearcherID ABE-9188-2021</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56206170400</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Mikhaylova.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mikhaylova@spa.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-2312</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагно</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagno</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лагно Анна Романовна - кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna R. Lagno.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.lagno@inslav.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт славяноведения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Изменения в электоральном ландшафте: структурные и институциональные факторы</issue-title><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>301</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Михайлова О.В., Лагно А.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайлова О.В., Лагно А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhaylova O.V., Lagno A.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1283">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1283</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается проблема политического представительства женщин в Польше через призму институциональных условий, определяемых электоральными правилами и практикой их применения. Хотя демократические принципы предусматривают равный доступ к политической конкуренции, женщины в демократиях по-прежнему недостаточно представлены в высших органах власти; это относится и к Польше. Авторы ставят своей целью проследить влияние электоральных правил на расширение представительства женщин в польской политике, на их возможности по достижению лидерских позиций и проведению самостоятельного курса. На примере политических биографий двух женщин, занимавших пост премьер-министра, Эвы Копач и Беаты Шидло, демонстрируется, что выход женщин на лидерские позиции чаще связан с уникальными политическими обстоятельствами и внутрипартийными стратегиями, нежели с действием электоральных институтов. В обоих случаях решающим фактором стал выбор партийного руководства, а не результат избирательного успеха в условиях равной конкуренции. Это подтверждает вывод о том, что институциональные механизмы лишь создают формальные возможности, тогда как реальное расширение женского представительства зависит от электоральных стратегий политических партий, их готовности выдвигать женщин на ведущие позиции, а также готовности избирателей отдавать за них свои голоса в условиях сохраняющегося давления гендерных стереотипов. По мнению авторов, польский опыт демонстрирует ограниченность влияния избирательных правил на преодоление гендерного дисбаланса: женщины приходят к власти не вследствие действия инклюзивных институтов, а в рамках стратегических решений партийных элит, для которых гендерное равенство остается скорее инструментом политической тактики, нежели устойчивой ценностью.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the issue of women’s political representation in Poland through the lens of institutional conditions, as defined by electoral rules and their practical application. Despite the equal access to political competition enshrined in democratic principles, women in democracies – including Poland – remain significantly underrepresented in the highest echelons of power. The study aims to investigate the impact of electoral rules on the expansion of women’s political representation in Polish politics, as well as on their opportunities to attain leadership positions and pursue independent political agendas. Drawing on the political careers of two female prime ministers, Ewa Kopacz and Beata Szydło, the analysis demonstrates that women’s ascent to leadership positions is more often determined by unique political circumstances and intra-party strategies than by the operation of electoral institutions. In both cases, the decisive factor was the choice of party leadership rather than electoral success under conditions of formal equality. This finding underscores that institutional mechanisms primarily provide formal opportunities, whereas the actual expansion of women’s representation depends on the electoral strategies of political parties, their willingness to promote women to senior positions, and the readiness of voters to support them in the context of persistent gender stereotypes. The Polish case thus illustrates the limited capacity of electoral rules to overcome gender imbalance: women attain positions of power due not to inclusive institutions, but through strategic decisions of party elites, for whom gender equality functions more as a tactical instrument than as a deeply embedded normative value.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>политическое представительство</kwd><kwd>выборы</kwd><kwd>женщины в политике</kwd><kwd>гендерные квоты</kwd><kwd>женское лидерство</kwd><kwd>Эва Копач</kwd><kwd>Беата Шидло</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>political representation</kwd><kwd>elections</kwd><kwd>women in politics</kwd><kwd>gender quotas</kwd><kwd>women’s leadership</kwd><kwd>Ewa Kopacz</kwd><kwd>Beata Szydło</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вершинина Д.Б., Бурмистрова Е.С. 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