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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2026.01.10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-1284</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИДЕИ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Споткнувшаяся» реализация: почему решения, принятые на национальных референдумах в Швейцарии, не выполняются?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>“Stumbling” implementation: why are decisions taken in the national referendums in Switzerland not being implemented?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-5999</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зазнаев</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaznaev</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зазнаев Олег Иванович - доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой политологии.</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg I. Zaznaev.</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Oleg.Zaznaev@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Я. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Ya. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Ярослав Петрович - кандидат политических наук.</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yaroslav P. Kuznetsov.</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">YaPKuznetsov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Изменения в электоральном ландшафте: структурные и институциональные факторы</issue-title><fpage>211</fpage><lpage>233</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зазнаев О.И., Кузнецов Я.П., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зазнаев О.И., Кузнецов Я.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaznaev O.I., Kuznetsov Y.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1284">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1284</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается проблема нереализации, частичной и искаженной реализации решений, принятых на общенациональных референдумах в Швейцарии. Институт референдума – устоявшаяся часть швейцарского политического процесса, он используется для принятия различных внутри- и внешнеполитических решений в федерации. Несмотря на репутацию страны как «образца» прямой демократии, практика последних десятилетий демонстрирует расхождение между волей избирателей и последовавшими политическими решениями. Авторы обозначают этот феномен швейцарской политики термином «споткнувшаяся реализация», для объяснения которой используется матрица реализации политики Р. Матланда с четырьмя квадрантами (административная, политическая, экспериментальная и символическая). В ней ключевыми критериями выступают уровень политического конфликта относительно решения и уровень неопределенности целей и методов реализации. Анализ семи кейсов референдумов Швейцарии через матрицу Матланда показал, что политический конфликт и неопределенность целей и методов обуславливают проблемные «места» в процессе имплементации решений референдумов. В зависимости от определенного соотношения технических и политических факторов возникает «споткнувшаяся реализация». В условиях неопределенности целей и задач решение невозможно осуществить на практике, либо его реализация отличается от изначального варианта. При высоком уровне политического конфликта между правительством и электоратом также происходит искаженная реализация. В условиях несовпадения воли избирателей с политическими целями властей последние стремятся реализовать решение референдума в наиболее предпочтительном для политики страны виде, даже если такая имплементация ведет к искажению воли избирателей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the problem of non-implementation, partial and misrepresented implementation of decisions taken in national referendums in Switzerland. The institution of referendums is a well-established part of the Swiss political process and is used to make various domestic and foreign policy decisions within the federation. Despite the country’s reputation as a “model” of direct democracy, the practice of recent decades has demonstrated a discrepancy between the will of voters and the resulting policies. The authors term this phenomenon of Swiss politics “stumbling implementation” and offer an explanation which is based on R. Matland’s policy implementation matrix consisting of four quadrants (administrative, political, experimental, and symbolic). The key criteria are the level of political conflict regarding the decision and the level of ambiguity about the goals and methods of implementation. An analysis of seven Swiss referendum cases using Matland's matrix revealed that political conflict and ambiguity about the goals and methods create bottlenecks in the implementation of referendum decisions. Depending on the specific balance of technical and political factors, “stumbling implementation” occurs. When the goals and objectives of implementation are unclear, a decision cannot be implemented, or its implementation differs from the original version. High levels of political conflict between the political elite and the electorate also lead to distorted implementation. When the will of voters does not coincide with the political goals of the authorities, the latter strive to implement the referendum decision in the form most favorable to national policy, even if such implementation leads to a distortion of the voters’ will.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>референдум</kwd><kwd>прямая демократия</kwd><kwd>реализация решения</kwd><kwd>Швейцария</kwd><kwd>политический конфликт</kwd><kwd>неопределенность политики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>referendum</kwd><kwd>direct democracy</kwd><kwd>policy implementation</kwd><kwd>Switzerland</kwd><kwd>political conflict</kwd><kwd>policy ambiguity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грибовский В.С. 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