politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2026.01.04politscience-1287Research ArticleСОСТОЯНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫКлассические теории электорального поведения и объяснение географии голосованийThe classical theories of voting behavior and explanations for geography of votinghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-7581ГришинН. В.GrishinN. V.

Гришин Николай Владимирович - доктор политических наук, профессор факультета политологии.

Москва

Nikolai V. Grishin.

Moscow

nvgrishin@mail.ruРоссийский государственный гуманитарный университет (РГГУ)РоссияRussian State University for the HumanitiesRussian Federation20261503202601Изменения в электоральном ландшафте: структурные и институциональные факторы6584Copyright © Гришин Н.В., 20262026Гришин Н.В.Grishin N.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1287

В статье рассматриваются возможности и ограничения классических теорий электорального поведения для объяснения географии голосований и электоральной статистики. Статья основана на анализе научной литературы по электоральной географии и теориям электорального поведения с начала XX в. Предлагается уточнение существующих в науке подходов к систематизации теорий электорального поведения. Рассмотрены холистический и индивидуалистический подходы к пониманию природы электорального поведения. Выявлены ограничения большинства классических теорий электорального поведения, основанных на методологическом индивидуализме и использующих социологические опросы в качестве основного источника эмпирической информации, для объяснения географии голосований и феноменов электорального поведения, проявляющихся на агрегированном уровне. Определены феномены географии голосований, выявляемые на уровне электоральной статистики, которые не могут быть объяснены с позиций методологического индивидуализма. Одним из этих феноменов является эффект композиций: наличие у территориальной общности избирателей устойчивой комбинации нескольких показателей электорального поведения, которая с высокой точностью воспроизводится в других территориальных общностях со схожими социальными условиями. В качестве другого феномена рассмотрен хорошо известный в науке эффект влияния размера электората на особенности поведения избирателей. Ключевой проблемой в области изучения поведения избирателей может быть признано отсутствие теоретического решения проблемы перехода между двумя уровнями проявления феноменов электорального поведения – индивидуальным и групповым.

The article examines the capacities and limitations of classical theories of voting behavior for explaining the phenomena of voting geography and electoral statistics. The article is based on an analysis of scientific literature on electoral geography and theoretical models of voting behavior since the early 20th century. A clarification of existing scientific approaches to systematizing theories of voting behavior is proposed. Holistic and individualistic approaches to understanding voting behavior are examined. It identifies the limitations of most classical theories of voting behavior, based on methodological individualism and use sociological surveys as the primary source of empirical information to explain the geography of voting and voting behavior phenomena manifested at the aggregate level. There are identified phenomena in the geography of voting, revealed at the level of electoral statistics and that cannot be explained from the standpoint of methodological individualism. One of these phenomena is the composition effect: the presence of a stable combination of several indicators of electoral behavior in a territorial community of voters, which is reproduced with high accuracy in other territorial communities with similar social conditions. Another wellknown phenomenon is the influence of electorate size on the characteristics of voter behavior. A key problem in the study of voting behavior is the lack of a theoretical solution to the problem of transitioning between the individual and group levels of manifestation of voting behavior phenomena.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.