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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2026.01.16</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-1293</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>От президентства к президентализму: эволюция российской модели</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>From the presidency to presidentialism: the evolution of the Russian model</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жабров</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhabrov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жабров Александр Владимирович - кандидат политических наук, старший научный сотрудник Центра политического анализа и прогнозирования.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аlexander V. Zhabrov.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhabrov.a@rggu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-1864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вакарчук</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakarchuk</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вакарчук Денис Олегович - кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Центра политического анализа и прогнозирования, РГГУ; доцент факультета международных отношений, РГГУ.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis O. Vakarchuk.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vakarchuk.d@rggu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский государственный гуманитарный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian State University for the Humanities</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Изменения в электоральном ландшафте: структурные и институциональные факторы</issue-title><fpage>350</fpage><lpage>372</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жабров А.В., Вакарчук Д.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жабров А.В., Вакарчук Д.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhabrov A.V., Vakarchuk D.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1293">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1293</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена изучению одного из центральных вопросов современной сравнительной политологии: каким образом формальные, зачастую демократические по своему дизайну, институты сосуществуют с авторитарной политической практикой на постсоветском пространстве? В фокусе исследования находится феномен сильной президентской власти, для анализа которого применяется неоинституциональный подход, позволяющий преодолеть разрыв между формально-юридическим и персоналистским анализом. Ключевым концептуальным вкладом работы является введение и операционализация аналитического различия между «президентством» как формально-конституционным институтом и «президентализмом» – реальным политическим режимом, характеризующимся доминированием персонифицированной исполнительной власти, чье фактическое влияние существенно превосходит ее формально-конституционный статус за счет опоры на неформальные и параконституционные практики.</p><p>На основе метода отслеживания процесса (process tracing) в статье доказывается, что формирование российского президентализма не было случайным, а представляет собой логичный, двухэтапный каузальный процесс. Во-первых, политический кризис начала 1990-х годов привел к созданию широкой формальной базы в виде суперпрезидентской Конституции 1993 г. Во-вторых, практическая недостаточность этих формальных правил для обеспечения полного контроля стимулировала целенаправленное конструирование неформальных и параконституционных практик («вертикаль власти», технологии преемничества и пролонгации), которые и стали стержнем сложившегося политического режима.</p><p>В заключительной части статьи рассматриваются некоторые элементы российской модели, оказавшиеся востребованными в других постсоветских странах, что позволяет сделать выводы о наиболее воспроизводимых механизмах ее устойчивости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article addresses a central question in contemporary comparative politics: how do formal institutions, often democratic by design, coexist with political practices that ensure a high concentration of power and limit genuine political competition in the post-Soviet space? The study focuses on the phenomenon of strong presidential power, employing a neoinstitutional approach to bridge the gap between formal-legal and personalist analyses. The key conceptual contribution of the article is introducing and operationalizing an analytical distinction between “presidency” (the formal constitutional institution) and “presidentialism” – the de facto political regime characterized by the dominance of a personalized executive, whose actual influence significantly surpasses its formal constitutional status through reliance on informal and paraconstitutional practices.</p><p>Using the process-tracing methodology, the article argues that the formation of Russian presidentialism was not a random occurrence but rather a logical, two-stage causal process. First, the political crisis of the early 1990s led to the creation of a broad formal foundation in the form of the super-presidential Constitution of 1993. Second, the practical inadequacy of these formal rules for ensuring complete control spurred the purposeful creation of informal and paraconstitutional practices (such as the “power vertical”, succession and prolongation technologies), which have become the core of the emergent political regime.</p><p>The concluding part of the article briefly examines certain elements of the Russian model that have proven to be in demand in other post-Soviet countries, which allows for conclusions about the most reproducible mechanisms of its stability.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>президентализм</kwd><kwd>президентство</kwd><kwd>неоинституциональный подход</kwd><kwd>постсоветское пространство</kwd><kwd>эволюция политических режимов</kwd><kwd>формальные и неформальные институты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>presidentialism</kwd><kwd>presidency</kwd><kwd>neoinstitutional approach</kwd><kwd>post-Soviet space</kwd><kwd>evolution of political regimes</kwd><kwd>formal and informal institutions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-28-00430 (https://rscf.ru/project/25-28-00430/)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамов А.В., Алексеев Р.А. 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