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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2026.02.12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-1404</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРВАЯ СТЕПЕНЬ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ редких событий: логистическая регрессия и альтернативы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rare events analysis: logistic regression and alternatives</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Устюжанин</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ustyuzhanin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Устюжанин Вадим Витальевич, аспирант Института общественных наук ; младший научный сотрудник Центра изучения стабильности ирисков</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ustyuzhanin Vadim</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при  Президенте РФ;  Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RANEPA University; HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Исследования политических коммуникаций: новые вызовы</issue-title><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>283</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Устюжанин В.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Устюжанин В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ustyuzhanin V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1404">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/1404</self-uri><abstract><p>Революции всегда вызывали интерес социологов и политологов, однако только в последнее десятилетие авторы начали активно использовать количественные методы для их анализа. В таких исследованиях зависимая переменная, революции или ее характеристики, часто представляет собой «редкие события». Некоторыми авторами было показано, что логистическая регрессия – самый используемый метод – дает смещенные результаты при анализе таких данных, однако единого стандарта для анализа так и не было выработано. Более того, часто авторы сталкиваются и с другими сопутствующими проблемами – панельными данными и малой выборкой. При этом надежность классической логистической регрессии при сочетании этих проблем еще не была проверена, хотя бо́ льшая часть современных авторов сталкивается именно с их пересечением. В рамках настоящего исследования мы постарались оценить, как использование логистической регрессии при разных исследовательских дизайнах с редкими событиями – в случае кросс-секционных и панельных данных – влияет на смещенность и устойчивость результатов. Также мы предлагаем альтернативу – логистическую регрессию со штрафом. Мы нашли, что в случае с кросс-секционными данными сочетание малой выборки и редкого события порождает огромное смещение в классической логистической регрессии, и исследователь рискует не только не получить относительно точной оценки эффекта, но и сделать абсолютное ложное суждение о направлении связи. В свою очередь, логистическая регрессия со штрафом дает почти что несмещенные оценки при любой редкости события и даже при очень малой выборке. В случае с панельными данными классическая логистическая регрессия в ситуации малой выборки и редких событий не применима вовсе. На удивление, логистическая регрессия со штрафом решает все эти проблемы – панельные данные, малая выборка и редкость события. На наш взгляд, это самое важное наблюдение настоящей работы: логистическая регрессия со штрафом отлично справляется с панельными данными, тогда как в профессиональной литературе единственной опцией считается условная логистическая регрессия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study of revolutions has long been a topic of interest to sociologists and political scientists. However, only in recent years authors have begun to employ quantitative methods with greater regularity in their analysis of these events. In such studies, the dependent variable, namely revolutions or their characteristics, frequently represent a “rare event”. The most commonly used method, logistic regression, has been demonstrated by some authors to yield biased results when analysing such data. However, no unified standard for analysis has been established. Furthermore, authors frequently encounter additional challenges, including the analysis of panel data and the use of small sample sizes. The reliability of classical logistic regression in addressing these issues has yet to be evaluated, despite the fact that the majority of contemporary authors frequently encounter these challenges. The present study aimed to assess the bias of results produced by classical logistic regression when used in different research designs with rare events, specifically cross-sectional and panel data. Furthermore, we put forward an alternative approach, namely penalized logistic regression. In the case of cross-sectional data, the combination of a small sample size and a rare event leads to a significant bias in classical logistic regression.</p><p>This result shows that researchers face the challenge of obtaining not only an inaccurate estimate of the effect but also making a false judgement about the direction of the relationship. In contrast, penalized logistic regression produces almost unbiased estimates regardless of the rarity of the event or the size of the sample. In the context of panel data, the application of classical logistic regression is not viable in scenarios characterized by a limited sample size and infrequent events. In contrast, our findings suggest that penalized logistic regression is a viable alternative for analyzing panel data, whereas conditional logistic regression is currently the only option recommended in the professional literature.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>редкие события</kwd><kwd>логистическая регрессия</kwd><kwd>панельные данные</kwd><kwd>смещение</kwd><kwd>революции</kwd><kwd>метод максимального правдоподобия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rare events</kwd><kwd>logistic regression</kwd><kwd>panel data</kwd><kwd>bias</kwd><kwd>revolutions</kwd><kwd>maximum likelihood estimator</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Гринин Л.Е., Устюжанин В.В., Файн Е.Д. Пятое поколение исследований революции. 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(In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
