<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-210</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>КОГДА ВЫБОРЫ ВЫХОДЯТ ИЗ-ПОД КОНТРОЛЯ? НЕПРЕДНАМЕРЕННЫЕ ЭЛЕКТОРАЛЬНЫЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ В СОРЕВНОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ АВТОРИТАРНЫХ РЕЖИМАХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>When Elections Get Out of Hand? Unintended Electoral Outcomes in the Competitive Authoritarian Regimes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завадская</surname><given-names>Маргарита Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">mzavadskaya@eu.spb.ru; margarita.zavadskaya@eui.eu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavadskaya</surname><given-names>M. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Европейский университет во Флоренции (European University Institute); Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге<country>Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Политические режимы в XXI веке: Институциональная устойчивость и трансформации</issue-title><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Завадская М.А., Zavadskaya M..., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Завадская М.А., Zavadskaya M...</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Завадская М.А., Zavadskaya M...</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/210">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/210</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируются непреднамеренные последствия выборов в условиях соревновательных авторитарных режимов. На основании двух измерений - электоральная победа или поражение и наличие массовых протестов - автор выделяет и анализирует четыре теоретически возможных исхода выборов в подобных режимах. В статье представлены результаты количественного анализа 349 выборов, состоявшихся в период с 1990 по 2011 г. в странах соревновательного авторитаризма. Исследование позволяет рассчитывать вероятность реализации того или иного типа непреднамеренных электоральных последствий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The author analyses unintended or unanticipated outcomes of elections in the competitive authoritarian regimes. There is a distinction between four types of outcomes drawing on two dimensions - electoral results (victory or failure) and absence or presence of the mass protests immediately after elections. The non-parametric multivariate regression analysis of 349 cases from 1990 to 2011 allows calculating the statistical probabilities of the occurrence of particular type of unintended outcomes relative to pro-hegemonic scenario.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>выборы</kwd><kwd>соревновательный авторитаризм</kwd><kwd>непреднамеренные электоральные последствия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>elections</kwd><kwd>competitive authoritarianism</kwd><kwd>unintended electoral outcomes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoğlu D., Robinson J.A. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2006. - 416 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoğlu D., Robinson J.A. Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2006. - 416 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fractionalization / A. Alesina, A. Devleeschauwer, W. Easterly, S. Kurlat, R. Wacziarg // Journal of economic growth. - N.Y., 2003. - Vol. 8. - P. 155-194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fractionalization / A. Alesina, A. Devleeschauwer, W. Easterly, S. Kurlat, R. Wacziarg // Journal of economic growth. - N.Y., 2003. - Vol. 8. - P. 155-194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altman D. Direct democracy worldwide. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2010. - 248 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altman D. Direct democracy worldwide. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2010. - 248 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Åslund A., McFaul M. Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine's democratic breakthrough. - Wanington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006. - 216 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Åslund A., McFaul M. Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine's democratic breakthrough. - Wanington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006. - 216 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blyth M. Structures do not come with an instruction sheet: Interests, ideas, and progress in political science // Perspective on politics. - N.Y., 2003. - Vol. 4. - P. 695-706.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blyth M. Structures do not come with an instruction sheet: Interests, ideas, and progress in political science // Perspective on politics. - N.Y., 2003. - Vol. 4. - P. 695-706.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boix C. Political parties, growth and equality: Conservative and social democratic economic strategies in the world economy. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 280 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boix C. Political parties, growth and equality: Conservative and social democratic economic strategies in the world economy. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 280 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The logic of political survival / B. Bueno de Mesquita, A. Smith, R.M. Siverson, J.D. Morrow. - Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2003. - 536 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The logic of political survival / B. Bueno de Mesquita, A. Smith, R.M. Siverson, J.D. Morrow. - Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2003. - 536 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunce V.J. Subversive institutions: The design and the destruction of socialism and the state. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1999. - 206 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunce V.J. Subversive institutions: The design and the destruction of socialism and the state. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1999. - 206 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunce V.J., Wolchik Sh. L. Defeating authoritarians in the postcommunist world. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2011. - 373 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunce V.J., Wolchik Sh. L. Defeating authoritarians in the postcommunist world. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2011. - 373 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Case W. Manipulative skills: How do rulers control the electoral arena? // Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition / Schedler A. (ed.). - Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. - P. 95-112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Case W. Manipulative skills: How do rulers control the electoral arena? // Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition / Schedler A. (ed.). - Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. - P. 95-112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cingranelli D.L., Richards D.L. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) human rights dataset. - 2010. - Mode of access: http://www.humanrightsdata.org (Дата посещения: 20.02.2012.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cingranelli D.L., Richards D.L. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) human rights dataset. - 2010. - Mode of access: http://www.humanrightsdata.org (Дата посещения: 20.02.2012.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cortell A.P., Peterson S. Limiting the unintended consequences of institutional change // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001. - Vol. 7. - P. 768-799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cortell A.P., Peterson S. Limiting the unintended consequences of institutional change // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2001. - Vol. 7. - P. 768-799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl R.A. Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1971. - 251 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl R.A. Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1971. - 251 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreher A. Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new Index of globalization // Applied economics. - N.Y., 2006. - Vol. 38. - P. 1091-1110. - Mode of access to data: http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ (Дата посещения: 13.03.2012.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreher A. Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new Index of globalization // Applied economics. - N.Y., 2006. - Vol. 38. - P. 1091-1110. - Mode of access to data: http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ (Дата посещения: 13.03.2012.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreher A., Gaston N., Martens P. Measuring globalisation - gauging its consequences. - N.Y.: Springer, 2008. - 224 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreher A., Gaston N., Martens P. Measuring globalisation - gauging its consequences. - N.Y.: Springer, 2008. - 224 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gandhi J. Political institutions under dictatorship. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2008. - 258 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandhi J. Political institutions under dictatorship. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2008. - 258 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gandhi J., Lust-Okar E. Elections under authoritarianism // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, 2009. - P. 403-422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gandhi J., Lust-Okar E. Elections under authoritarianism // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, 2009. - P. 403-422.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golder M., Wantchekon L. Africa: Dictatorial and democratic electoral systems since 1946 // Handbook of electoral system design / J. Colomer (ed.). - L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - P. 401-414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golder M., Wantchekon L. Africa: Dictatorial and democratic electoral systems since 1946 // Handbook of electoral system design / J. Colomer (ed.). - L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - P. 401-414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greene K.F. The political economy of authoritarian single-party dominance // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2009. - Vol. 7. - P. 807-834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greene K.F. The political economy of authoritarian single-party dominance // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2009. - Vol. 7. - P. 807-834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall P.A., Taylor R.C.R. Political science and the three new institutionalisms // Political studies. - Nottingham, 1996. - Vol. 5. - P. 936-957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall P.A., Taylor R.C.R. Political science and the three new institutionalisms // Political studies. - Nottingham, 1996. - Vol. 5. - P. 936-957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horowitz D.L. Ethnic groups in conflict. - Berkeley; L.A.: Univ. of California press, 2000. - 697 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horowitz D.L. Ethnic groups in conflict. - Berkeley; L.A.: Univ. of California press, 2000. - 697 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howard M., Roessler Ph. Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2006. - Vol. 2. - P. 365-381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howard M., Roessler Ph. Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2006. - Vol. 2. - P. 365-381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyde S., Marinov N. National elections across democracy and autocracy: Putting the «competitive» into competitive authoritarianism. - Unpublished manuscript. - Mode of access: http://hyde.research.yale.edu/nelda/Hyde_Marinov_NELDA.pdf (Дата посещения: 31.04.2012.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyde S., Marinov N. National elections across democracy and autocracy: Putting the «competitive» into competitive authoritarianism. - Unpublished manuscript. - Mode of access: http://hyde.research.yale.edu/nelda/Hyde_Marinov_NELDA.pdf (Дата посещения: 31.04.2012.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyde S.D. Catch us if you can: Election monitoring and international norm diffusion // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2011. - P. 356-369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyde S.D. Catch us if you can: Election monitoring and international norm diffusion // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2011. - P. 356-369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalandadze K., Orenstein M.A. Electoral protests and democratization beyond the color revolutions // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2009. - Vol. 11. - P. 1403-1425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalandadze K., Orenstein M.A. Electoral protests and democratization beyond the color revolutions // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2009. - Vol. 11. - P. 1403-1425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langston J. Elite ruptures: When do ruling parties split? // Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition / Schedler A. (ed.). - Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. - P. 57-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langston J. Elite ruptures: When do ruling parties split? // Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition / Schedler A. (ed.). - Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. - P. 57-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levitsky S., Way L. Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the cold war. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2010. - 517 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitsky S., Way L. Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the cold war. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2010. - 517 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levitsky S., Way L. The rise of competitive authoritarianism // Journal of democracy. - Wanington, D.C., 2002. - Vol. 2. - P. 51-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitsky S., Way L. The rise of competitive authoritarianism // Journal of democracy. - Wanington, D.C., 2002. - Vol. 2. - P. 51-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long J.S. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. - Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997. - 297 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long J.S. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. - Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997. - 297 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lust E. Competitive clientelism in the Middle East // Journal of democracy. - Wanington, D.C., 2009. - Vol. 3. - P. 122-135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lust E. Competitive clientelism in the Middle East // Journal of democracy. - Wanington, D.C., 2009. - Vol. 3. - P. 122-135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magaloni B. Voting for autocracy: Hegemonic party survival and its demise in Mexico. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2006. - 296 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magaloni B. Voting for autocracy: Hegemonic party survival and its demise in Mexico. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2006. - 296 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nohlen D. Elections in Africa: A data handbook. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1999. - 984 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nohlen D. Elections in Africa: A data handbook. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1999. - 984 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nohlen D. Elections in the Americas: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - Vol. 1. - 2601 p.; Vol. 2. - 1340 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nohlen D. Elections in the Americas: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - Vol. 1. - 2601 p.; Vol. 2. - 1340 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nohlen D., Grotz F., Hartmann C. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A data handbook. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2001. - Vol. 1. - 776 p.; Vol. 2. - 882 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nohlen D., Grotz F., Hartmann C. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A data handbook. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2001. - Vol. 1. - 776 p.; Vol. 2. - 882 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nohlen D., Stöver P. Elections in Europe: A data handbook. - Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh &amp; C., 2010. - 2070 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nohlen D., Stöver P. Elections in Europe: A data handbook. - Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh &amp; C., 2010. - 2070 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pepinsky T.B. Economic crises and the breakdown of authoritarian regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in comparative perspective. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2009. - 326 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pepinsky T.B. Economic crises and the breakdown of authoritarian regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in comparative perspective. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2009. - 326 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posner D.N. Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2004. - Vol. 4. - P. 849-863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posner D.N. Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2004. - Vol. 4. - P. 849-863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Przeworski A. Democracy and development: Political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950-1990. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2000. - 321 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Przeworski A. Democracy and development: Political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950-1990. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2000. - 321 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roessler P.G., Howard M.M. Post cold war political regimes: When do elections matter? // Democratization by elections / Lindberg S. (ed.). - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins univ. press, 2009. - 406 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roessler P.G., Howard M.M. Post cold war political regimes: When do elections matter? // Democratization by elections / Lindberg S. (ed.). - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins univ. press, 2009. - 406 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sartori G. Parties and party systems. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2005. - 342 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sartori G. Parties and party systems. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2005. - 342 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schedler A. The Logic of electoral authoritarianism. - Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 2006. - 267 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schedler A. The Logic of electoral authoritarianism. - Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 2006. - 267 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schedler A. Protest beats manipulation. Exploring sources of interparty competition under competitive and hegemonic authoritarianism // CIDE Working Paper 202 / Department of political studies. - Mexico City, 2008. - Mode of access: http://www. cide.edu/publicaciones/status/dts/DTEP%20202.pdf (Дата посещения: 31.03.2012.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schedler A. Protest beats manipulation. Exploring sources of interparty competition under competitive and hegemonic authoritarianism // CIDE Working Paper 202 / Department of political studies. - Mexico City, 2008. - Mode of access: http://www. cide.edu/publicaciones/status/dts/DTEP%20202.pdf (Дата посещения: 31.03.2012.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith G. The functional properties of the referendum // European journal of political research. - Amsterdam, 1976. - Vol. 1. - P. 1-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith G. The functional properties of the referendum // European journal of political research. - Amsterdam, 1976. - Vol. 1. - P. 1-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Multiple imputation with diagnostics (mi) in R: Opening windows into the black box / Y.S. Su, A. Gelman, J. Hill, M. Yajima // Journal of statistical software. - Los Angeles, 2011. - Vol. 45. - Mode of access: http://www.jstatsoft.org/v45/i02 (Дата посещения: 31.03.2012.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Multiple imputation with diagnostics (mi) in R: Opening windows into the black box / Y.S. Su, A. Gelman, J. Hill, M. Yajima // Journal of statistical software. - Los Angeles, 2011. - Vol. 45. - Mode of access: http://www.jstatsoft.org/v45/i02 (Дата посещения: 31.03.2012.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vachudova M.A. Europe undivided: Democracy, leverage, and integration after communism. - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - 352 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vachudova M.A. Europe undivided: Democracy, leverage, and integration after communism. - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - 352 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weingast B.R. Political institutions: Rational choice perspectives // A new handbook of political science / Goodin R.E., Klingemann H. (eds.) - Oxford: Oxford univ. press. 1996. - P. 167-190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weingast B.R. Political institutions: Rational choice perspectives // A new handbook of political science / Goodin R.E., Klingemann H. (eds.) - Oxford: Oxford univ. press. 1996. - P. 167-190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wintrobe R. The political economy of dictatorship. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 390 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wintrobe R. The political economy of dictatorship. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 390 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright J. Do authoritarian institutions constrain? How legislatures affect economic growth and investment // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2008. - Vol. 52, N 2. - P. 322-343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright J. Do authoritarian institutions constrain? How legislatures affect economic growth and investment // American journal of political science. - Hoboken (NJ), 2008. - Vol. 52, N 2. - P. 322-343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
