politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАНpolitscience-217Research ArticleСтатьиПолитология судов: предмет и исследовательская программаPolitical studies of courts: subject and research programГригорьевИван Сергеевичigrigoriev@eu.spb.ruGrigorievI. S.noemail@neicon.ruЕвропейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге; Институт проблем правоприменения при Европейском университете в Санкт-ПетербургеRussian Federation20121105202303Политические режимы в XXI веке: Институциональная устойчивость и трансформации258275Copyright © Григорьев И.С., Grigoriev I.S., 20232023Григорьев И.С., Grigoriev I.S.Григорьев И.С., Grigoriev I.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/217

В статье дается обзор политологической литературы о судах в авторитаризме и демократии. При этом решаются две задачи. Во-первых, из общепринятого определения политологии как науки о получении и осуществлении власти выводится предмет политологии судов, который соотносится с тем, как политологи изучают суды. Во-вторых, составляется условная карта дисциплины. На ней видны некоторые закономерности, которые в дальнейшем могут быть использованы для формулирования программы эмпирического исследования функционирования судов при авторитаризме.

The article reviews political science literature on courts in democracy and authoritarianism. Such a review can be useful in two ways. First, we take the classical definition of political science as a science that studies the acquisition and the use of power, and deduce the object of political studies of courts from it. We then check it against the actual empirical studies of courts done in political science. Second, we chart a map of political studies of courts and observe some trends that may later be used to set the agenda for future political research into courts in authoritarian regimes.

политология судовполитический режимавторитаризмpolitical studies of courtspolitical regimesauthoritarianismReferencesAlter K., Meunier-Aitsahalia S. Judicial politics in the European community // Comparative political studies. - Los Angeles, 1994. - Vol. 26. - P. 535-561.Alter K., Meunier-Aitsahalia S. Judicial politics in the European community // Comparative political studies. - Los Angeles, 1994. - Vol. 26. - P. 535-561.Arrington T., Brenner S. Testing Murphy's strategic model // American politics research. - L.A., 2008. - Vol. 36. - P. 416-432.Arrington T., Brenner S. Testing Murphy's strategic model // American politics research. - L.A., 2008. - Vol. 36. - P. 416-432.Brisbin R. Slaying the dragon: Segal, spaeth and the function of law in Supreme Court decision making // American journal of political science. - New Jersey, 1996. - Vol. 40. - P. 1004-1017.Brisbin R. Slaying the dragon: Segal, spaeth and the function of law in Supreme Court decision making // American journal of political science. - New Jersey, 1996. - Vol. 40. - P. 1004-1017.Carrubba C., Gabel M., Hankla C. Judicial behavior under political constraints: Evidence from the European Court of Justice // American political science review. - Wanington, D.C., 2008. - Vol. 102. - P. 435-452.Carrubba C., Gabel M., Hankla C. Judicial behavior under political constraints: Evidence from the European Court of Justice // American political science review. - Wanington, D.C., 2008. - Vol. 102. - P. 435-452.Epp C. The rights revolution: Lawyers, activists, and Supreme Courts in comparative perspective. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 342 p.Epp C. The rights revolution: Lawyers, activists, and Supreme Courts in comparative perspective. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 342 p.Epstein L., Knight J. The choices justices make. - Wanington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1998. - 186 p.Epstein L., Knight J. The choices justices make. - Wanington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1998. - 186 p.Garrett G., Weingast B. Ideas, interests and institutions: Constructing the EC's internal market // Ideas and foreigh policy / J. Goldstein, R. Keohane (eds.). - Ithaka: Cornell univ. press, 1993. - P. 173-206.Garrett G., Weingast B. Ideas, interests and institutions: Constructing the EC's internal market // Ideas and foreigh policy / J. Goldstein, R. Keohane (eds.). - Ithaka: Cornell univ. press, 1993. - P. 173-206.Garrett G., Kelemen D., Schulz H. The European Court of Justice, national governments, and legal integration in the European Union // International organization. - Cambridge, 1998. - Vol. 52. - P. 149-176.Garrett G., Kelemen D., Schulz H. The European Court of Justice, national governments, and legal integration in the European Union // International organization. - Cambridge, 1998. - Vol. 52. - P. 149-176.Gillman H. What's law got to do with It? Judicial behavioralists test the 'legal model' of judicial decision making // Law & social inquiry. - New Jersey, 2001. - Vol. 26. - P. 465-504.Gillman H. What's law got to do with It? Judicial behavioralists test the 'legal model' of judicial decision making // Law & social inquiry. - New Jersey, 2001. - Vol. 26. - P. 465-504.Gillman H., Clayton C. Beyond judicial attitudes: Institutional approaches to Supreme Court decision-making // Supreme Court decision-making: New institutionalist approaches / H. Gillman, C. Clayton (eds.) - Chicago: Univ. of Chicago press, 1999. - P. 1-14.Gillman H., Clayton C. Beyond judicial attitudes: Institutional approaches to Supreme Court decision-making // Supreme Court decision-making: New institutionalist approaches / H. Gillman, C. Clayton (eds.) - Chicago: Univ. of Chicago press, 1999. - P. 1-14.Ginsburg T. Judicial review in new democracies: Constitutional courts in Asian cases. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2003. - 310 p.Ginsburg T. Judicial review in new democracies: Constitutional courts in Asian cases. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2003. - 310 p.Ginsburg T., Moustafa T. Introduction: The functions of courts in authoritarian politics // Rule by law: The politics of courts in authoritarian regimes / T. Moustafa, T. Ginsburg (eds.) - Cambridge univ. press, 2008. - P. 1-22.Ginsburg T., Moustafa T. Introduction: The functions of courts in authoritarian politics // Rule by law: The politics of courts in authoritarian regimes / T. Moustafa, T. Ginsburg (eds.) - Cambridge univ. press, 2008. - P. 1-22.Golosov G. The regional roots of electoral authoritarianism in Russia // Europe-Asia studies. - Oxford: Routledge, 2011. - Vol. 63. - P. 623-639.Golosov G. The regional roots of electoral authoritarianism in Russia // Europe-Asia studies. - Oxford: Routledge, 2011. - Vol. 63. - P. 623-639.Hilbink L. Judges beyond politics in democracy and dictatorship: Lessons from Chile. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2007. - 316 p.Hilbink L. Judges beyond politics in democracy and dictatorship: Lessons from Chile. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2007. - 316 p.Hirschl R. The political origins of judicial empowerment through constitutionalization: Lessons from four constitutional revolutions // Law & social inquiry. - New Jersey, 2000. - Vol. 25. - P. 91-149.Hirschl R. The political origins of judicial empowerment through constitutionalization: Lessons from four constitutional revolutions // Law & social inquiry. - New Jersey, 2000. - Vol. 25. - P. 91-149.Judicial politics and policy-making in Western Europe / M. Volcansek (ed.) - L.: Frank Cass, 1992. - 158 p.Judicial politics and policy-making in Western Europe / M. Volcansek (ed.) - L.: Frank Cass, 1992. - 158 p.Kelsen H. Judicial review of legislation: A comparative study of the Austrian and the American constitution // The journal of politics. - Cambridge MA, 1942. - Vol. 4. - P. 183-200.Kelsen H. Judicial review of legislation: A comparative study of the Austrian and the American constitution // The journal of politics. - Cambridge MA, 1942. - Vol. 4. - P. 183-200.Kommers D. Judicial politics in West Germany: A study of the Federal Constitutional Court. - Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1976. - 312 p.Kommers D. Judicial politics in West Germany: A study of the Federal Constitutional Court. - Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1976. - 312 p.Levitsky S., Way L. Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold war. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2010. - 512 p.Levitsky S., Way L. Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold war. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2010. - 512 p.Magalhães P. The politics of judicial reform in Eastern Europe // Comparative politics. - N.Y., 1999. - Vol. 32. - P. 43-62.Magalhães P. The politics of judicial reform in Eastern Europe // Comparative politics. - N.Y., 1999. - Vol. 32. - P. 43-62.Magaloni B. Enforcing the autocratic political order and the role of courts: The case of Mexico // Rule by law: The politics of courts in authoritarian regimes / T. Ginsburg, T. Moustafa (eds.). - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2008. - P. 180-206.Magaloni B. Enforcing the autocratic political order and the role of courts: The case of Mexico // Rule by law: The politics of courts in authoritarian regimes / T. Ginsburg, T. Moustafa (eds.). - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2008. - P. 180-206.Moustafa T. The struggle for constitutional power: Law, politics, and economic development in Egypt. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2007. - 340 p.Moustafa T. The struggle for constitutional power: Law, politics, and economic development in Egypt. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2007. - 340 p.Murphy W. Elements of judicial strategy. - Chicago: Univ. of Chicago press, 1964. - 264 p.Murphy W. Elements of judicial strategy. - Chicago: Univ. of Chicago press, 1964. - 264 p.Pritchett C. Divisions of Opinion among justices of the US Supreme Court, 1939-1941 // The American political science review - Wanington, D.C., 1941. - Vol. 35. - P. 890-898.Pritchett C. Divisions of Opinion among justices of the US Supreme Court, 1939-1941 // The American political science review - Wanington, D.C., 1941. - Vol. 35. - P. 890-898.Pritchett C. The Roosevelt court: A study in judicial politics and values. - N.Y.: Macmillan, 1948. - 314 p.Pritchett C. The Roosevelt court: A study in judicial politics and values. - N.Y.: Macmillan, 1948. - 314 p.Rohde D., Spaeth H. Supreme Court decision making. - San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1976. - 229 p.Rohde D., Spaeth H. Supreme Court decision making. - San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1976. - 229 p.Schedler A. Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition. - Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006. - 267 p.Schedler A. Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition. - Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2006. - 267 p.Schubert G. Quantitative analysis of judicial behavior. - Glencoe: Free Press, 1959. - 392 p.Schubert G. Quantitative analysis of judicial behavior. - Glencoe: Free Press, 1959. - 392 p.Segal J. Separation-of-powers games in the positive theory of Congress and courts // The American political science review. - Wanington, D.C., 1997. - Vol. 91. - P. 28-44.Segal J. Separation-of-powers games in the positive theory of Congress and courts // The American political science review. - Wanington, D.C., 1997. - Vol. 91. - P. 28-44.Segal J., Cover A. Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices // The American Political Science Review. - Wanington, D.C., 1989. - Vol. 83. - P. 557-565.Segal J., Cover A. Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices // The American Political Science Review. - Wanington, D.C., 1989. - Vol. 83. - P. 557-565.Segal J., Spaeth H. The influence of stare decisis on the votes of United States Supreme Court justices // American journal of political science. - New Jersey, 1996. - Vol. 40. - P. 971-1003.Segal J., Spaeth H. The influence of stare decisis on the votes of United States Supreme Court justices // American journal of political science. - New Jersey, 1996. - Vol. 40. - P. 971-1003.Segal J., Spaeth H. The Supreme Court and the attitudinal model revisited. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2002. - 480 p.Segal J., Spaeth H. The Supreme Court and the attitudinal model revisited. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2002. - 480 p.Stone Sweet A. The birth of judicial politics in France: The constitutional council in comparative perspective. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1992. - 320 p.Stone Sweet A. The birth of judicial politics in France: The constitutional council in comparative perspective. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1992. - 320 p.Tate C. Why the expansion of judicial power? // The global expansion of judicial power / C. Tate, T. Vallinder (eds.). - N.Y.: New York univ. press, 1995. - P. 27-37.Tate C. Why the expansion of judicial power? // The global expansion of judicial power / C. Tate, T. Vallinder (eds.). - N.Y.: New York univ. press, 1995. - P. 27-37.Tate C., Haynie S. Authoritarianism and the functions of courts: A time series analysis of the Philippine Supreme Court, 1961-1987 // Law & society review. - New Jersey, 1993. - Vol. 27. - P. 707-740.Tate C., Haynie S. Authoritarianism and the functions of courts: A time series analysis of the Philippine Supreme Court, 1961-1987 // Law & society review. - New Jersey, 1993. - Vol. 27. - P. 707-740.Toharia J. Judicial independence in an authoritarian regime: The case of contemporary Spain // Law & society review. - New Jersey, 1975. - Vol. 9. - P. 475-496.Toharia J. Judicial independence in an authoritarian regime: The case of contemporary Spain // Law & society review. - New Jersey, 1975. - Vol. 9. - P. 475-496.Vallinder T. The judicialization of politics - A world-wide phenomenon: Introduction // International political science review. - L.A., 1994. - Vol. 15. - P. 91-99.Vallinder T. The judicialization of politics - A world-wide phenomenon: Introduction // International political science review. - L.A., 1994. - Vol. 15. - P. 91-99.Vanberg G. Legislative-judicial relations: A game-theoretic approach to constitutional review // American journal of political science. - New Jersey, 2001. - Vol. 45. - P. 346-361.Vanberg G. Legislative-judicial relations: A game-theoretic approach to constitutional review // American journal of political science. - New Jersey, 2001. - Vol. 45. - P. 346-361.Volcansek M. Constitutional politics in Italy: The Constitutional Court. - Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 2000. - 195 p.Volcansek M. Constitutional politics in Italy: The Constitutional Court. - Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 2000. - 195 p.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.