politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2022.01.01politscience-255Research ArticleСОСТОЯНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫПосле империй: можно ли перековать мечи на орала?After empires: beating swords into ploughsharesМелешкинаЕ. Ю.MeleshkinaE. Yu.

Мелешкина Елена Юрьевна, доктор политических наук, главный научный сотрудник

Москва

Moscow

elenameleshkina@yandex.ruКудряшоваИ. В.KudryashovaI. V.

Кудряшова Ирина Владимировна, кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры сравнительной политологии

Москва

Moscow

i.kudryashova@inno.mgimo.ruИнститут научной информации по общественным наукам (ИНИОН) РАНРоссияInstitute of scientific information on social sciences of the Russian academy of sciencesRussian FederationМосковский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) МИД РоссииРоссияMoscow state institute of international relations, MFA RussiaRussian Federation20221105202301Политическое развитие на постимперских пространствах1451Copyright © Мелешкина Е.Ю., Кудряшова И.В., 20232023Мелешкина Е.Ю., Кудряшова И.В.Meleshkina E.Y., Kudryashova I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/255

Тема формирования государств и наций на пространствах бывших империй представляется по-прежнему актуальной: по мнению многих исследователей, путь «из империи в нацию» далек от завершения, хотя еще относительно недавно образование национальных государств воспринималось как естественное стремление народов к самоопределению и независимости. В действительности оказалось, что и сами империи мимикрируют под национальные государства (Китай, Иран), и бывшие имперские центры задумываются о реструктуризации утраченных пространств (Стамбул / Анкара, Москва), и новые национальные государства с трудом обретают состоятельность или так и не обретают ее.В фокусе внимания авторов находятся так называемые протяженные империи (Австро-Венгерская, Российская, Османская), поскольку они придерживались концепции инклюзивного политического пространства, и распад империи означал разрушение ее государственной структуры. В этом контексте предпринята попытка определить, какие проблемы государственного и национального строительства возникают у постимперских политических образований, насколько за это отвечает имперское институциональное наследие и как возможно примирить условно старые и новые институциональные порядки в случае конфликтных последствий их взаимодействия.Размышление над этими вопросами потребовало (а) выделить идеалтипические признаки империи и национального государства и провести их сопоставление в международном контексте, (б) определить проблемы, возникающие при сопряжении обоих институциональных порядков и (в) определить если не решение, то подступы к решению подобных проблем.Для иллюстрации глубины проблемы были выбраны крайние случаи противостояния принципов организации имперского пространства и территориальных границ – этнополитические конфликты и сецессии. Учитывая, что имперские модели культурно-символических, военно-политических и экономических взаимодействий долго формируются и столь же долго распадаются, ряд таких конфликтов был проанализирован в логике нарушения пространственной зависимости между элементами имперских структур, с которыми были соотнесены те или иные этнокультурные сегменты.Как показало исследование, имперские центры отнюдь не всегда могут быть замещены возникающими национальными, что требует их возвращения в обновленной форме. Вместе с тем для стабилизации – хотя бы формальной – границ постимперских политий могут быть использованы современные политические механизмы, направленные на поддержание управляемости взаимодействий сегментов в условиях слабого центра (консоционализм, автономизация и др.). 

Abstract. The topic of nationand state-building in the former emperial spaces is relevant. According to many researchers, the path “from empire to nation” is far from complete, although until recently the formation of nation-states has been perceived as a natural desire of peoples for self-determination and independence. In fact, it turned out that the empires themselves mimic nation-states (China, Iran), the former imperial centers think about restructuring their “lost” spaces (Istanbul / Ankara), Moscow), and the new nation-states find it difficult to develop state capacity.The authors focus on the so-called continental or contiguous empires (AustroHungarian, Russian, Ottoman), since they were based on the idea of an inclusive political space, and the empire’s collapse meant the destruction of its state structure. Considering that, the article determines the problems of stateand nation-building in post-imperial political entities. The authors also focus on the extent the imperial institutional legacy is relevant for these problems, and on possibilities of “reconciliation” of “old” and “new” institutional orders in the case of conflicting consequences of their interaction.Reflection on these issues required (a) detecting the idealtypical features of the empire and the nation-state in an international context, (b) defining the problems that arise with interaction of both institutional orders, and (c) identifying approaches to the solution of the problems.To illustrate the depth of the problem, the authors have chosen the extreme cases of confrontation between the principles of the organization of imperial space and territorial borders (ethnopolitical conflicts and secessions). Since that imperial models of cultural-symbolic, military-political and economic interactions take a long time to form and to disintegrate, a number of respective conflicts have been analyzed in the logic of violation of spatial dependence between the elements of imperial structures correlated with ethno-cultural segments.The study showed that the imperial centers can not always be replaced by emerging national state ones. That requires their “return” in an updated form. At the same time, modern political mechanisms aimed at maintaining the manageability of the segments’ interactions under conditions of a weak center (consociationalism, autonomization, etc.) can be used to stabilize, at least formally, the boundaries of post–imperial polities. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.