politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2022.01.03politscience-317Research ArticleРАКУРСЫЭволюция империи: от Древнего мира к Новому времениThe Evolution of Empire: from the Ancient World to Modern TimesКузенковП. В.KuzenkovP. V.

Кузенков Павел Владимирович, кандидат исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Института общественных наук и международных отношений

Севастополь

Sevastopol

pk407@mail.ruСевастопольский государственный университетРоссияInstitute of Social Sciences and International Relations, Sevastopol State UniversityRussian Federation20221105202301Политическое развитие на постимперских пространствах8099Copyright © Кузенков П.В., 20232023Кузенков П.В.Kuzenkov P.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/317

Имперские образования занимают ключевое место в политической и религиозной истории человечества. В статье рассмотрено, как происходила эволюция этого феномена на пространстве Передней Азии и Большого Средиземноморья: от времени зарождения макрогосударств в Древнем мире через период классических империй Античности к религиозным империям Средневековья и поздним империям Нового времени; представлено мнение автора о его перспективах в будущих глобальных процессах. В центре внимания – трансформация идейных основ имперских образований, прослеживаемая в первую очередь на основе титулярных формул, представляющих собой важнейший источник по истории идейно-политической самоидентификации государств. В ходе анализа материала выявлены несколько эволюционных фаз имперского строительства, характеризующихся следующими особенностями: 1) «механическая» консолидация первичных полисно-номовых политических образований вокруг того или иного военно-административного центра, с сохранением мозаичности и полицентризма в религиозной сфере; 2) оформление общеимперских религиозных систем нового поколения (как правило, связанных с культом правителя), призванных дополнить военную и политическую консолидацию сплочением населения на идеологическом уровне; 3) вытеснение первичных личностно ориентированных имперских культов более авторитетными в нравственном отношении универсальными религиями с трансцендентным идеалом (христианство, ислам); 4) вторичная политизация теократических империй, приводящая к закреплению религиозно-государственного дуализма (царь / патриарх, халиф / султан); 5) окончательный упадок политизированных теократий и их более или менее болезненная трансформация в национальные государства современного типа, сформировавшегося в специфических условиях Западной Европы. Зафиксирован феномен неустойчивости монополярных геополитических структур и, напротив, впечатляющая устойчивость биполярных конфигураций в эволюционном пространстве Большого Средиземноморья, реализовавшихся в конкурентном сосуществовании эллинизма и Востока, Рима и Ирана, Византии и Халифата, Российской и Османской империй.

Imperial formations occupy a key place in the political and religious history of Humankind. The article traces the evolution of this phenomenon, with a future global perspective, from the time of the emergence of macrostates in the Ancient World, through the period of the classical empires of Antiquity to the religious empires of the Middle Ages and the late empires of the New Age, in the space of Asia Minor and the Greater Mediterranean. The focus is on the transformation of the ideological foundations of imperial formations, traced primarily on the basis of titular formulas, which are the most important source on the history of the ideological self-identification of states. The analysis revealed several evolutionary phases of imperial construction, characterized by the following features: 1) “mechanical” consolidation of primary polys-nomic political formations around a particular military-administrative center, with the preservation of mosaicism and polycentrism in the religious sphere; 2) formation of the new generation of all-imperial religious systems (usually associated with the ruler’s cult), designed to complement military and political consolidation by an ideological one; 3) displacement of primary personality-oriented imperial cults by more morally authoritative universal religions with a transcendental ideal (Christianity, Islam); 4) secondary politicization of theocratic empires, leading to the consolidation of religious-state dualism (emperor / patriarch; caliph / sultan); 5) final decline of politicized theocracies and their more or less painful transformation into national states of the modern type, formed in the specific conditions of Western Europe. The phenomenon of instability of monopolar geopolitical structures and, on the contrary, the impressive stability of bipolar configurations, embodied in the evolutionary space of the Greater Mediterranean in the competitive coexistence of Hellenism and the East, Rome and Iran, Byzantium and the Caliphate, the Russian and Ottoman empires, was identified. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.