References

politscience

Политическая наука

Political science

1998-1775

ИНИОН РАН

politscience-361

Research Article

РАКУРСЫ

ГЕНДЕР И ВЫБОРЫ В ПРИЗНАННЫХ И НЕПРИЗНАННЫХ ГОСУДАРСТВАХ: ПАРЛАМЕНТСКИЕ ВЫБОРЫ 2012 г. В ГРУЗИИ И АБХАЗИИ

Gender and elections in recognised and unrecognised states: The 2012 contests to the legislatures of Georgia and Abkhazia

О’Бойхин Стефанчак

Каролина

Ó Beacháin Stefańczak

Karolina

k.stefanczak@gmail.com

Дублинский университет (Ирландия)Россия

2014

11052023

Посткоммунистические трансформации: Политические институты и процессы

162183

2023

О’Бойхин Стефанчак К.

Ó Beacháin Stefańczak K.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/361

В данной статье рассматриваются гендерные аспекты результатов двух парламентских соревнований 2012 г. в признанном государстве Грузия и де-факто государстве Абхазия. Отличающиеся результаты голосования анализируются в контексте различий избирательной среды этих государств: электоральные системы, политические партии, влияние поправок в грузинском законодательстве 2012 г. на деятельность партий, которые включали в себя намерения поддержать 20%-ные гендерные квоты для кандидатов. В статье проводится гендерный анализ партийных кандидатов и результатов выборов. Путем сравнения нескольких кейсов избирательных кампаний женщин-кандидатов оценивается влияние электоральной среды на успех женщин-политиков.

The paper examines the divergent gender aspect of two parliamentary contests held in 2012 in the de facto state of Abkhazia and its parent state of Georgia.The paper places the election results in the context of the states’ electoral environments - the electoral systems, the political parties contesting the elections, and the impact of the 2012 amendments to Georgian law on political parties, which included financial incentive to support a 20% gender quota for candidates. It presents a gender analysis of the party candidates and of the election results. It assesses the impact of the electoral environment on women politicians by using a comparative case study of the election campaigns of selected women candidates.

ГрузияАбхазиявыборыгендерGeorgiaAbkhaziaelectionsgender

References1

Распространенное грузинскими СМИ сообщение об отзыве Вануату официального признания Абхазии является не более чем фантазией Президента Грузии, - замминистра иностранных дел Ираклий Хинтба // Aпсныпресс. - Сухум, 2013. - 22 мая. - Режим доступа: http://apsnypress.info/news/9063.html (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Численность населения Абхазии составляет 240 705 человек // Aпсныпресс. - Сухум, 2011. - 28 декабря. - Режим доступа: http://apsnypress.info/news/5084.html (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Agrba I. Interview with the deputy speaker of the national assembly of Abkhazia. 2012. - Архив К. О’Бойхин Стефанчак.

Analysis of the State Audit Office monitoring service of political parties’ finance // Open Society Georgian Foundation. - Tbilisi, 2012. - Mode of access: http://www.osgf.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=15&info_id=3062 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Bader M. Party politics in Georgia and Ukraine and the failure of Western assistance // Democratization. - L., 2010. - Vol. 17, N 6. - P. 1085-1107.

Ballington J. Strengthening internal political party democracy: Candidate recruitment from a gender perspective. - Durban, South Africa. 2004. - 10 p. - Mode of access: http://www.idea.int/gender/upload/JB (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Bidzina Ivanishvili: Profile // Forbes. - N.Y., S.a. - Mode of access: http://www.forbes.com/profile/bidzina-ivanishvili/ (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Broers L. After the «revolution»: Civil society and the challenges of consolidating democracy in Georgia //Central Asian survey. - L., 2005. - Vol. 24, N 3. - P. 333-350.

Caspersen N. Unrecognised States. The struggle for sovereignty in the modern international system. - Cambridge: Polity press, 2011. - 224 p.

Caul M. Women's representation in parliament: The role of political parties // Party politics. - L., 1999. - Vol. 5, N 1. - P. 79-98.

De facto states: The quest for sovereignty / Bahcheli T., Bartmann B., Srebrnik H. (eds.). - L.: Routledge, 2004. - 273 p.

Democracy and state building in Georgia, 1918-2010: The first Georgian Republic and its successors / Ed. by S.F. Jones. - L.: Routledge, 2012. - 352 p.

District, party nominating the candidate, first name, second name // Georgian Central Election Commission. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 21 September. - 14 p. - Mode of access: http://cesko.ge/files/2012/reg_majoritarebi_ENG.pdf (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Electorally motivated public spending // Transparency international’s report. - 2012. - 20 July. - Mode of access: http://transparency.ge/en/post/report/new-report-electorally-motivated-spending (Дата посещения: 28.05.2013.)

Fall B. Conflict in the South Caucasus // Asian affairs. - L., 2006. - Vol. 37, N 2. - P. 198-209.

Four more prison officials arrested // Civil Georgia. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 27 September. - Mode of access: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25265 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Galligan Y., Clavero S. Prospects for women's legislative representation in postsocialist Europe. The views of female politicians // Gender and society. - L., 2008. - Vol. 22, N 2. - P. 149-171.

Galligan Y., Tremblay M. Sharing power: Women, parliament, democracy. - Aldershot, Hants; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. - 271 p.

Gelashvili Z. Interview with campaign manager of Eka Beselia. - 2013. - Архив К. О’Бойхин Стефанчак.

Gel'man V. Party politics in Russia: From competition to hierarchy // Europe-Asia studies. - L., 2008. - Vol. 60, N 6. - P. 913-930.

Gender politics and post-communism: Reflections from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union / Funk N., Mueller M. (eds.). - N.Y.: Routledge, 1993. - 349 p.

Georgia, parliamentary elections, 1 October 2012: Final report // OSCE/ODIHR. - 2012. - Mode of access: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/98399 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Governing party MP to head the controversial state audit service in Georgia // Caucasus elections watch. - 2012. - 30 July. - Mode of access: http://electionswatch.org/

/07/30/governing-party-mp-to-head-the-controversial-state-audit-service-in-georgia/#more-539 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Griffith-Traversy M.A. Gender equality and electoral systems // Democracy, parliament and electoral systems / Ed. by M.A. Griffith-Traversy. - L.; Sterling. Va.: Pluto press, 2002. - P. 89-97.

Gross E., Juncos A. EU conflict prevention and crisis management: Roles, institutions, and policies. - L.: Routledge, 2010. - 178 p.

GYLA deems fining of Ivanishvili and Kaladze unlawful // Georgian young lawyers’ association. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 17 August. - Mode of access: http://gyla.ge/eng/news?info=1300&print=1 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Hopmann T.P. Managing conflict in post-Cold War Eurasia: The role of the OSCE in Europe's security «architecture» // International politics. - Dordrecht, 2003. - Vol. 40, N 1. - P. 75-100.

Information bulletin // Georgian Central Election Commission. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 2 October. - Mode of access: http://cesko.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=142&info_id=9745 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Ivanishvili fined with USD 90.9 Million // Civil Georgia. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 11 June. - Mode of access: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24876 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Jawad P. Conflict resolution through democracy promotion? The Role of the OSCE in Georgia // Democratization. - L., 2008. - Vol. 15, N 3. - P. 611-629.

Khadjimba R. Interview with the Presidential candidate. - 2012. - Архив К. О’Бойхин Стефанчак.

King C. A rose among thorns: Georgia makes good // Foreign affairs. - N.Y., 2004. - Vol. 83, N 2. - P. 13-18.

Krook M.L. Women's representation in parliament: A qualitative comparative analysis // Political studies. - Oxford, 2010. - Vol. 58, N 5. - Р. 886-908.

Kunovich S., Paxton P. Pathways to power: The role of political parties in women’s national political representation // American journal of sociology. - Chicago, 2005. - Vol. 111, N 2. - Р. 505-552.

Kvarchelia L. Interview. - 2012. - Архив К. О’Бойхин Стефанчак.

Lewis P. Political parties in post-communist Eastern Europe. - L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2000. - 202 p.

Lovenduski J., Norris P. Gender and party politics. - L.; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1993. - 358 p.

Lynch D. Engaging Eurasia's separatist states: Unresolved conflicts and de facto states. - Washington, DC: US Institute of peace press, 2004. - xvii, 170 p.

Matland R.E. Women's representation in national legislatures: Developed and developing countries // Legislative studies quarterly. - Iowa City, Iow, 1998. - Vol. 23, N 1. - P. 109-125.

McAllister I., Studlar D.T. Electoral systems and women's representation: A long-term perspective // Representation. - L., 2002. - Vol. 39, N 1. - Р. 3-14.

Millard F. Elections, parties, and representation in post-communist Europe. - N.Y.: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. - xxiii, 350 p.

Mitchell L.A. Compromising democracy: State building in Saakashvili's Georgia // Central Asian survey. - L., 2009. - Vol. 28, N 2. - Р. 171-183.

Mitchell L.A. Democracy in Georgia since the rose revolution // Orbis. - Philadelphia, PA, 2006. - Vol. 50, N 4. - Р. 669-676.

Mitchell L.A. Uncertain democracy: U.S. foreign policy and Georgia's rose revolution. - Philadelphia, PA: Univ. of Pennsylvania press, 2008. - 180 p.

Moser R.G. The effects of electoral systems on women's representation in post-communist states // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2001. - Vol. 20, N 3. - Р. 353-369.

Nechemias C. Politics in post-Soviet Russia: Where are the women? // Demokratizatsiya. - L., 2000. - Vol. 8, N 2. - Р. 199-218.

New head of state audit service appointed // Civil Georgia. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 25 July. - Mode of access: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25040 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Nodia G., Scholtbach A.P. The political landscape of Georgia: Political parties: Achievements, challenges and prospects. - Delft: Eburon, 2007. - 268 p.

Norris P., Krook M.L. Gender equality in elected office: A six-step action plan. - Warsaw: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 2011. - 79 p.

Norton P., Olson D.M. Legislatures in democratic transition // The journal of legislative studies. - L., 1996 a. - Vol. 2, N 1. - Р. 1-15.

Norton P., Olson D.M. Parliaments in adolescence // The journal of legislative studies. - L., 1996 b. - Vol. 2, N 1. - Р. 231-43.

Norton P., Olson D.M. Post-communist and post-Soviet legislatures: Beyond transition // The journal of legislative studies. - L., 2007. - Vol. 13, N 1.-Р. 1-11.

Number of voters // Georgian Central Election Commission. - Tbilisi, 2012. - Mode of access: http://cesko.ge/files/TEA/Number_of_voters1.pdf (Дата посещения: 23.05.2013.)

Ó Beacháin D. Roses and tulips: Dynamics of regime change in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan // Journal of communist studies and transition politics. - L., 2009. - Vol. 25, N 2-3. -Р. 199-226.

Ó Beacháin D. The dynamics of electoral politics in Abkhazia // Journal of communist studies and transition politics. - L., 2012. - Vol. 45, N 1-2. - P. 165-174.

O’Loughlin J., Kolossov V., Toal G. Inside Abkhazia: Survey of attitudes in a de facto state // Post-Soviet affairs. - Silver Spring, MD, 2011. - Vol. 27, N 1. - P. 1-36.

Paxton P. Women in national legislatures: A cross-national analysis // Social science research. - San Diego, CA, 1997. - Vol. 26, N 4. - P. 442-464.

Political parties’ funding in 2011 // Civil Georgia. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 9 February. - Mode of access: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24426 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Popescu N. Democracy in secessionism: Transnistria and Abkhazia’s domestic policies. - Budapest, 2006. - Mode of access: http://www.policy.hu/npopescu/ipf%20info/IPF%204%20democracy%20in%20secessionism.pdf (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Popescu N. EU foreign policy and post-Soviet conflicts: Stealth intervention. - L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2011. - 157 p.

Population / GEOSTAT: National statistics office of Georgia. - S.a. - Mode of access: http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng (Дата посещения: 23.05.2013.)

Post-Soviet women: From the Baltic to Central Asia / Ed by M. Buckley. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1997. - 316 p.

Public attitudes in Georgia / National democratic institute. - Tbilisi, 2012 b. - August.-50 p. - Mode of access: https://www.ndi.org/files/Georgia-Aug-2012-Survey.pdf (Дата посещения: 23.05.2013.)

Public attitudes in Georgia / National democratic institute. - Tbilisi, 2012 a. - June.-114 p. - Mode of access: https://www.ndi.org/files/Georgia-NDI-survey-update-June2012-ENG.pdf (Дата посещения: 23.05.2013.)

Racioppi L., O'Sullivan See K. Organizing women before and after the fall: Women's politics in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia // Signs. - Chicago, 1995. - Vol. 20, N 4. - Р. 818-850.

Report on the elections of the parliament of Georgia 2012 // Georgian Central Election Commission. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 64 p. - Mode of access: http://cesko.ge/files/2012/REPORT_2012_-NEW.pdf (Дата посещения: 23.05.2013.)

Rose R., Munro N. Parties and elections in new European democracies. - Wivenhoe Park, Colchester: ECPR Press, 2009. - xii, 275 p.

Rule W. Women's underrepresentation and electoral systems // PS: Political science and politics. - Washington, D.C., 1994. - Vol. 27, N 4. - P. 689-692.

Saakashvili meets Vanuatu's PM, thanks for revoking Abkhaz recognition // Civil Georgia. - 2013. - 20 May. - Mode of access: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24876 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Shalva Natelashvili // Civil Georgia. - Tbilisi, 2007. - 21 December. - Mode of access: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=16635 (Дата посещения: 23.05.2013.)

Siroky D.S., Aprasidze D. Guns, roses and democratization: Huntington's secret admirer in the Caucasus // Democratization. - L., 2011. - Vol. 18, N 6. - P. 1227-1245.

Students hit streets to protest prison abuse // Civil Georgia. - Tbilisi, 2012. - 20 September. - Mode of access: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25232 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

Tatum J.D. Democratic transition in Georgia: Post-rose revolution internal pressures on leadership // Caucasian review of international affairs. - Frankfurt a. M., 2009. - Vol. 3, N 2. - P. 156-171.

Tremblay M. Democracy, representation, and women: A comparative analysis // Democratisation. - L., 2007. - Vol. 14, N 4. - P. 533-553.

Unrecognized states in the international system / Caspersen N., Stansfield G. (eds.) - N.Y.: Routledge, 2010. - 253 p.

Usha K.B. Political empowerment of women in Soviet Union and Russia ideology and implementation // International studies. - Bombay, 2005. - Vol. 42, N 2. - P. 141-165.

Women's access to political power in post-communist Europe / Matland R., Montgomery K. (eds.). - Oxford; N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2003. - 369 p.

პატიმრების წამება გლდანის ციხეში = [Пытки заключенных в тюрьме в Тбилиси] // YouTube. - Tbilisi, 2012. - Mode of access: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozecFhW3SH4 (Дата посещения: 30.05.2013.)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.