References

politscience

Политическая наука

Political science

1998-1775

ИНИОН РАН

politscience-395

Research Article

РАКУРСЫ

Национализация партийной системы: российская специфика

Party System Nationalization: The Case of Russia

Голосов

Григорий Васильевич

Golosov

G. V.

ggolosov@gmail.com

Григорьев

Иван Сергеевич

Grigoriev

I. S.

iv.grigoriev@gmail.com

Европейский университет в Санкт-ПетербургеRussian FederationНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»Russian Federation

2015

11052023

Партии в соревновательных и несоревновательных политических системах

128156

2023

Голосов Г.В., Григорьев И.С.

Golosov G.V., Grigoriev I.S.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/395

В статье анализируется динамика национализации российской партийной системы. Фиксируется значимое расхождение между крайне низкой территориальной гомогенностью голосования по мажоритарной части российской избирательной системы (1993-2003) и очень высоким уровнем партийной национализации при голосовании по партийным спискам. Это расхождение, обусловленное наследием режимной трансформации, а также такими факторами, как федерализм и президенциализм, было усугублено встраиванием в общенациональный политический порядок губернаторских политических машин. Результаты исследования ставят под вопрос общепринятый тезис о тождественности процессов национализации электората и консолидации партийной системы.

This article analyzes the dynamics of party system nationalization in Russia. The analysis registers a salient discrepancy between the extremely low levels of territorial homogeneity of the vote in the single-member plurality section of Russia’s electoral system (1993-2003), on the one hand, and very high levels of party nationalization in party-list contests, on the other hand. This discrepancy, facilitated by such factors as the legacies of regime transition, federalism, and presidentialism, was reinforced by the integration of gubernatorial political machines into the nationwide political order. The findings challenge a conventional theory that equates the formation of national electorates to the progressive process of party system consolidation.

Россияполитические партиинационализация партийной системывыборыRussiapolitical partiesparty system nationalizationelections

References1

ЦИК. 2003-2013. Центральная избирательная комиссия Российской Федерации: Выборы и референдумы. - Режим доступа: http://www.izbirkom.ru (Дата посещения: 07.02.2014.)

Aldrich J.H. Why parties? The origin and transformation of party politics in America. - Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago press, 1995. - 349 p.

Berezkin A., Myagkov M., Ordeshook P.C. Location and political influence: A further elaboration of their effects on voting in recent Russian elections // Eurasian geography and economics. - L., 2003. - Vol. 44, N 3. - P. 169-183.

Bochsler D. Measuring party nationalisation: A new Gini-based indicator that corrects for the number of units // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2010 a. - Vol. 29, N 1. - P. 155-168.

Bochsler D. The nationalisation of post-communist party systems // Europe-Asia studies. - L., 2010 b. - Vol. 62, N 5. - P. 807-827.

Brancati D. The origins and strengths of regional parties // British journal of political science. - Cambridge, 2008. - Vol. 38, N 1. - P. 135-159.

Cain B.E., Ferejohn J.A., Fiorina M.P. The personal vote: Constituency service and electoral independence. - Cambridge: Harvard univ. press, 1987. - 279 p.

The american voter / A. Campbell et al. - Chicago: Univ. of Chicago press, 1960. - 573 p.

Caramani D. The nationalization of politics: The formation of national electorates and party systems in Western Europe. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2004. - 368 p.

Chhibber P., Kollman K. The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. - Princeton: Princeton univ. press, 2004. - 272 p.

Cox G.W. The efficient secret: The cabinet and the development of political parties in Victorian England. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1987. - 204 p.

Cox G.W. Making votes count: strategic coordination in the world’s electoral systems. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1997. - 360 p.

Enikolopov R., Petrova M., Zhuravskaya E. Media and political persuasion: Evidence from Russia // The American economic review. - Pittsburgh, 2011. - Vol. 101, N 7. - P. 3253-3285.

Feld S.L., Grofman B. The Laakso-Taagepera index in a mean and variance framework // Journal of theoretical politics. - L., 2007. - Vol. 19, N 1. - P. 101-106.

Fish M.S. The advent of multipartism in Russia, 1993-1995 // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 1995. - Vol. 11, N 4. - P. 340-383.

Gandhi J., Przeworski A. Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats // Comparative political studies. - L., 2007. - Vol. 40, N 11. - P. 1279-1301.

Gel’man V. From «feckless pluralism» to «dominant power politics»? The transformation of Russia’s party system // Democratization. - Routledge, 2006. - Vol. 13, N 4. - P. 545-561.

Gill G. The decline of a dominant party and the destabilization of electoral authoritarianism? // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 2012. - Vol. 28, N 4. - P. 449-471.

Golosov G.V. Party support or personal resources? Factors of success in the plurality portion of the 1999 national legislative elections in Russia // Communist and Post-Communist studies. - Elsevier, 2002. - Vol. 35, N 1. - P. 23-38.

Golosov G.V. Political parties in the regions of Russia: Democracy unclaimed. - Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner publishers, 2004. - 307 p.

Golosov G.V. The effective number of parties a new approach // Party politics. - L., 2010. - Vol. 16, N 2. - P. 171-192.

Golosov G.V. The regional roots of electoral authoritarianism in Russia // Europe-Asia studies. - Glasgow, 2011 a. - Vol. 63, N 4. - P. 623-639.

Golosov G.V. Russia’s regional legislative elections, 2003-2007: Authoritarianism incorporated // Europe-Asia studies. - Glasgow, 2011 b. - Vol. 63, N 3. - P. 397-414.

Golosov G.V. The 2012 political reform in Russia: The interplay of liberalizing concessions and authoritarian corrections // Problems of Post-Communism. - N.Y., 2012. - Vol. 59, N 6. - P. 3-14.

Golosov G.V. Machine politics: The concept and its implications for Post-Soviet studies // Demokratizatsiya. - Washington, DC, 2013. - Vol. 21, N 4. - P. 459-480.

Golosov G.V. The territorial genealogies of Russia’s political parties and the transferability of political machines // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 2014. - Vol. 30, N 6. - P. 464-480.

Golosov G.V. Party system nationalization: The problems of measurement with an application to federal states // Party politics. - L., S.a. - В печати.

Hale H.E. Explaining machine politics in Russia’s regions: Economy, ethnicity, and legacy // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 2003. - Vol. 19, N 3. - P. 228-263.

Hale H.E. Why not parties in Russia?: democracy, federalism, and the state. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2005. - 288 p.

Harbers I. Decentralization and the development of nationalized party systems in new democracies: Evidence from Latin America // Comparative political studies. - L., 2010. - Vol. 43, N 5. - P. 606-627.

Hicken A., Stoll H. Presidents and parties: How presidential elections shape coordination in legislative elections // Comparative political studies. - L., 2011. - Vol. 44, N 7. - P. 854-883.

Jones M.P., Mainwaring S. The nationalization of parties and party systems. An empirical measure and an application to the Americas // Party politics. - L., 2003. - Vol. 9, N 2. - P. 139-166.

Kahn J. Federalism, democratization, and the rule of law in Russia. - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - 338 p.

Kasuya Y., Moenius J. The nationalization of party systems: Conceptual issues and alternative district-focused measures // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2008. - Vol. 27, N 1. - P. 126-135.

Kitschelt H., Smyth R. Programmatic party cohesion in emerging Postcommunist democracies Russia in comparative context // Comparative political studies. - L., 2002. - Vol. 35, N 10. - P. 1228-1256.

Kollman K. et al. Constituency-level elections archive / Ann Arbor. - Michigan: Center for political studies: Univ. of Michigan. - Mode of access: http://www. electiondataarchive.org. (Дата посещения: 01.05.2011.)

Lago-Peñas I., Lago-Peñas S. Decentralization and the nationalization of party systems // Environment and planning C: Government and policy. - Pion, 2011. - Vol. 29. - P. 244-263.

Magaloni B., Kricheli R. Political order and one-party rule // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2010. - Vol. 13. - P. 123-143.

McCombs M. Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. - Cambridge: Polity press, 2004. - 208 p.

Meleshevich A. Geographical patterns of party support in the Baltic States, Russia, and Ukraine // European urban and regional studies. - L., 2006. - Vol. 13, N 2. - P. 113-129.

Merrill S., Grofman B. A unified theory of voting: Directional and proximity spatial models. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1999. - 230 p.

Moenius J., Kasuya Y. Measuring party linkage across districts some party system inflation indices and their properties // Party politics. - L., 2004. - Vol. 10, N 5. - P. 543-564.

Morgenstern S., Polga-Hecimovich J., Siavelis P.M. Seven imperatives for improving the measurement of party nationalization with Evidence from Chile // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2014. - Vol. 33. - P. 186-199.

Morgenstern S., Swindle S.M., Castagnola A. Party nationalization and institutions // The journal of politics. - Cambridge, 2009. - Vol. 71, N 4. - P. 1322-1341.

Panov P., Ross C. Sub-national elections in Russia: Variations in United Russia’s domination of regional assemblies // Europe-Asia studies. - L., 2013. - Vol. 65, N 4. - P. 737-752.

Petrov N., Lipman M., Hale H.E. Three dilemmas of hybrid regime governance: Russia from Putin to Putin // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 2014. - Vol. 30, N 1. - P. 1-26.

Rae D.W. The political consequences of electoral laws. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1967. - 173 p.

Reuter O.J., Remington T.F. Dominant party regimes and the commitment problem the case of United Russia // Comparative political studies. - L., 2009. - Vol. 42, N 4. - P. 501-526.

Reuter O.J. Regional patrons and hegemonic party electoral performance in Russia // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 2013. - Vol. 29, N 2. - P. 101-135.

Riker W.H. Federalism: Origin, operation, significance. - Boston: Brown little, 1964. - 169 p.

Robinson N. Institutional factors and Russian political parties: the changing needs of regime consolidation in a neo-patrimonial system // East European politics. - L., 2012. - Vol. 28, N 3. - P. 298-309.

Rodden J., Wibbels E. Dual accountability and the nationalization of party competition: Evidence from four federations // Party Politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 17, N 5. - P. 629-653.

Rose R., Mishler W. A supply-demand model of party-system institutionalization: The Russian case // Party politics. - L., 2010. - Vol. 16, N 6. - P. 801-821.

Rose R., Munro N., White S. Voting in a floating party system: The 1999 Duma election // Europe-Asia studies. - L., 2001. - Vol. 53, N 3. - P. 419-443.

Rose R., Urwin D.W. Regional differentiation and political unity in Western nations. - L.: SAGE publications, 1975. - 53 p.

Ross C. Federalism and democratization in Post-Communist Russia. - Manchester: Manchester univ. press, 2003. - 196 p.

Sakwa R. Russia’s «permanent» (uninterrupted) elections of 1999-2000 // The Journal of communist studies and transition politics. - L., 2000. - Vol. 16, N 3. - P. 85-112.

Electoral authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition / A. Schedler (ed.). - Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006. - 267 p.

Shugart M.S., Carey J.M. Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1992. - 332 p.

Simón P. The combined impact of decentralisation and personalism on the nationalisation of party systems // Political studies. - L., 2013. - Vol. 61, N S1. - P. 24-44.

Smyth R., Lowry A., Wilkening B. Engineering victory: Institutional reform, informal institutions, and the formation of a hegemonic party regime in the Russian Federation // Post-Soviet affairs. - Washington, DC, 2007. - Vol. 23, N 2. - P. 118-137.

Smyth R. Candidate strategies and electoral competition in the Russian Federation: Democracy without foundation. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 2006. - 260 p.

Stokes D.E. Parties and the nationalization of electoral forces // The American party system: Stages of political development / W.N. Chambers, W.D. Burnham. (ed.) - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 1967. - P. 182-202.

Taagepera R., Shugart M.S. Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1989. - 292 p.

Thorlakson L. An institutional explanation of party system congruence: Evidence from six federations // European journal of political research. - Dordrecht, 2007. - Vol. 46, N 1. - P. 69-95.

Tiemann G. The nationalization of political parties and party systems in post-communist Eastern Europe // Communist and Post-Communist studies. - Elsevier, 2012. - Vol. 45, N 1. - P. 77-89.

Vertz L.L., Frendreis J.P., Gibson J.L. Nationalization of the electorate in the United States // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 1987. - Vol. 81, N 2. - P. 961-966.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.