politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАНpolitscience-619Research ArticleПЕРВАЯ СТЕПЕНЬЭлекторальные реформы в сравнительной перспективеElectoral reforms in comparative perspectiveТурченкоМихаил СергеевичTurchenkoMikhailmturchenko@hse.ruНИУ ВШЭРоссияNational Research University Higher School of EconomicsRussian Federation20181205202301Будущее политической науки283300Copyright © Турченко М.С., 20232023Турченко М.С.Turchenko M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/619

В статье рассматриваются подходы к пониманию причин трансформаций избирательных систем в сравнительной перспективе. С опорой на современную научную литературу обозначаются перспективные векторы в исследовательском направлении, связанном с изучением электоральных реформ, в частности подчеркивается важность изучения электоральной инженерии в недемократических политических режимах.

This article surveys the main approaches to the causes of electoral reforms in comparative perspective. Based on the recent literature, perspective research paths to the analysis of electoral system reforms are highlighted. In particularly, the attention is put on the importance of studying the phenomenon of electoral engineering in electoral authoritarian regimes.

избирательные системыэлекторальные реформыэлекторальная инженерияинституциональные измененияelectoral systemselectoral reformselectoral engineeringinstitutional changesReferencesAhmed A. Reading history forward: The origins of electoral systems in European democracies // Comparative political studies. - Beverly Hills, CA, 2010. - Vol. 43, N 8/9. - P. 1059-1088.Ahmed A. Reading history forward: The origins of electoral systems in European democracies // Comparative political studies. - Beverly Hills, CA, 2010. - Vol. 43, N 8/9. - P. 1059-1088.Andrews J.T., Jackman R.W. Strategic fools: Electoral rule choice under extreme uncertainty // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2005. - Vol. 24, N 1. - P. 65-84.Andrews J.T., Jackman R.W. Strategic fools: Electoral rule choice under extreme uncertainty // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2005. - Vol. 24, N 1. - P. 65-84.Benoit K. Models of electoral system change // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2004. - Vol. 23, N 3. - P. 363-389.Benoit K. Models of electoral system change // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2004. - Vol. 23, N 3. - P. 363-389.Benoit K. Electoral laws as political consequences: Explaining the origins and change of electoral institutions // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2007. - Vol. 10. - P. 363-390.Benoit K. Electoral laws as political consequences: Explaining the origins and change of electoral institutions // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2007. - Vol. 10. - P. 363-390.Benoit K., Schiemann J.W. Institutional choice in new democracies: Bargaining over Hungary’s 1989 electoral law // Journal of theoretical politics. - L., 2001. - Vol. 13, N 2. - P. 159-188.Benoit K., Schiemann J.W. Institutional choice in new democracies: Bargaining over Hungary’s 1989 electoral law // Journal of theoretical politics. - L., 2001. - Vol. 13, N 2. - P. 159-188.Blais A. The debate over electoral systems // International political science review. - Beverly Hills, Calif., 1991. - Vol. 12, N 3. - P. 239-260.Blais A. The debate over electoral systems // International political science review. - Beverly Hills, Calif., 1991. - Vol. 12, N 3. - P. 239-260.Blais A., Massicotte L. Electoral formulas: A macroscopic perspective // European journal of political research. - Dordrecht, 1997. - Vol. 32, N 1. - P. 107-129.Blais A., Massicotte L. Electoral formulas: A macroscopic perspective // European journal of political research. - Dordrecht, 1997. - Vol. 32, N 1. - P. 107-129.Blais A., Dobrzynska A., Indridason I.H. To adopt or not to adopt proportional representation: The politics of institutional choice // British journal of political science. - Cambridge, 2005. - Vol. 35, N 1. - P. 182-190.Blais A., Dobrzynska A., Indridason I.H. To adopt or not to adopt proportional representation: The politics of institutional choice // British journal of political science. - Cambridge, 2005. - Vol. 35, N 1. - P. 182-190.Boix C. Setting the rules of the game: The choice of electoral systems in advanced democracies // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 1999. - Vol. 93, N 3. - P. 609-624.Boix C. Setting the rules of the game: The choice of electoral systems in advanced democracies // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 1999. - Vol. 93, N 3. - P. 609-624.Boix C. Electoral markets, party strategies, and proportional representation // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2010. - Vol. 104, N 2. - P. 404-413.Boix C. Electoral markets, party strategies, and proportional representation // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2010. - Vol. 104, N 2. - P. 404-413.Bowler S., Donovan T., Karp J.A. Why politicians like electoral institutions: Self-interest, values, or ideology? // The journal of politics. - Cambridge, 2006. - Vol. 68, N 2. - P. 434-446.Bowler S., Donovan T., Karp J.A. Why politicians like electoral institutions: Self-interest, values, or ideology? // The journal of politics. - Cambridge, 2006. - Vol. 68, N 2. - P. 434-446.Brambor T., Clark W.R., Golder M. Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses // Political analysis. - Oxford, 2006. - Vol. 14, N 1. - P. 63-82.Brambor T., Clark W.R., Golder M. Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses // Political analysis. - Oxford, 2006. - Vol. 14, N 1. - P. 63-82.Carey J.M. Electoral system design in new democracies // The Oxford handbook of electoral systems / E.S. Herron, R.J. Pekkanen, M.S. Shugart (eds.). - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2017. - В печати.Carey J.M. Electoral system design in new democracies // The Oxford handbook of electoral systems / E.S. Herron, R.J. Pekkanen, M.S. Shugart (eds.). - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2017. - В печати.Colomer J.M. The strategy and history of electoral system choice // Handbook of electoral system choice / J.M. Colomer (ed.). - N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - P. 3-78.Colomer J.M. The strategy and history of electoral system choice // Handbook of electoral system choice / J.M. Colomer (ed.). - N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - P. 3-78.Colomer J.M. It’s parties that choose electoral systems (or, Duverger’s laws upside down) // Political studies. - L., 2005. - Vol. 53, N 1. - P. 1-21.Colomer J.M. It’s parties that choose electoral systems (or, Duverger’s laws upside down) // Political studies. - L., 2005. - Vol. 53, N 1. - P. 1-21.Colomer J.M. Party system effects on electoral rules // The Oxford handbook of electoral systems / E.S. Herron, R.J. Pekkanen, M.S. Shugart (eds.). - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2017. - В печати.Colomer J.M. Party system effects on electoral rules // The Oxford handbook of electoral systems / E.S. Herron, R.J. Pekkanen, M.S. Shugart (eds.). - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2017. - В печати.Cox G.W. Making votes count: Strategic coordination in the world’s electoral systems. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 360 p.Cox G.W. Making votes count: Strategic coordination in the world’s electoral systems. - N.Y.: Cambridge univ. press, 1998. - 360 p.Cusack T.R., Iversen T., Soskice D. Economic interests and the origins of electoral systems // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2007. - Vol. 101, N 3. - P. 373-391.Cusack T.R., Iversen T., Soskice D. Economic interests and the origins of electoral systems // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2007. - Vol. 101, N 3. - P. 373-391.Cusack T.R., Iversen T., Soskice D. Coevolution of capitalism and political representation: The choice of electoral systems // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2010. - Vol. 104, N 2. - P. 393-403.Cusack T.R., Iversen T., Soskice D. Coevolution of capitalism and political representation: The choice of electoral systems // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2010. - Vol. 104, N 2. - P. 393-403.Diaz-Cayeros A., Magaloni B. Party dominance and the logic of electoral design in Mexico’s transition to democracy // Journal of theoretical politics. - L., 2001. - Vol. 13, N 3. - P. 271-293.Diaz-Cayeros A., Magaloni B. Party dominance and the logic of electoral design in Mexico’s transition to democracy // Journal of theoretical politics. - L., 2001. - Vol. 13, N 3. - P. 271-293.Downs A. An economic theory of democracy. - N.Y.: Harperand Row, 1957. - 310 p.Downs A. An economic theory of democracy. - N.Y.: Harperand Row, 1957. - 310 p.Duverger M. Political parties: Their organization and activity in the modern state. - 2 nd rev. ed. - L.: Methuen, 1959. - 439 p.Duverger M. Political parties: Their organization and activity in the modern state. - 2 nd rev. ed. - L.: Methuen, 1959. - 439 p.Duverger M. Which is the best electoral system? // Choosing an electoral system: Issues and alternatives / A. Lijphart, B. Grofman (eds.). - N.Y.: Praeger, 1984. - P. 31-39.Duverger M. Which is the best electoral system? // Choosing an electoral system: Issues and alternatives / A. Lijphart, B. Grofman (eds.). - N.Y.: Praeger, 1984. - P. 31-39.Elgie R. France: Stacking the deck // The politics of electoral systems / M. Gallagher, P. Mitchell (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - P. 119-136.Elgie R. France: Stacking the deck // The politics of electoral systems / M. Gallagher, P. Mitchell (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - P. 119-136.Gandhi J., Heller A.L. Electoral systems in authoritarian states // The Oxford handbook of electoral systems / E.S. Herron, R.J. Pekkanen, M.S. Shugart (eds.). - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2017. - В печати.Gandhi J., Heller A.L. Electoral systems in authoritarian states // The Oxford handbook of electoral systems / E.S. Herron, R.J. Pekkanen, M.S. Shugart (eds.). - N.Y.: Oxford univ. press, 2017. - В печати.Gandhi J., Lust-Okar E. Elections under authoritarianism // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2009. - Vol. 12. - P. 403-422.Gandhi J., Lust-Okar E. Elections under authoritarianism // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2009. - Vol. 12. - P. 403-422.Grofman B. Perspectives on the comparative study of electoral systems // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2016. - Vol. 19. - P. 523-540.Grofman B. Perspectives on the comparative study of electoral systems // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, 2016. - Vol. 19. - P. 523-540.Grumm J.G. Theories of electoral systems // Midwest journal of political science. - New Jersey, 1958. - Vol. 2, N 4. - P. 357-376.Grumm J.G. Theories of electoral systems // Midwest journal of political science. - New Jersey, 1958. - Vol. 2, N 4. - P. 357-376.Higashijima M., Chang E. The choice of electoral systems in dictatorships. - 2016. - April - 39 p. - Mode of access: https://masaakihigashijima.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/esc-copy.pdf (Acceessed: 17.10.2017.)Higashijima M., Chang E. The choice of electoral systems in dictatorships. - 2016. - April - 39 p. - Mode of access: https://masaakihigashijima.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/esc-copy.pdf (Acceessed: 17.10.2017.)Horowitz D.L. Electoral systems: A primer for decision makers // Journal of democracy. - Baltimore, MD, 2003. - Vol. 14, N 4. - P. 115-127.Horowitz D.L. Electoral systems: A primer for decision makers // Journal of democracy. - Baltimore, MD, 2003. - Vol. 14, N 4. - P. 115-127.Jacobs K., Leyenaar M. A conceptual framework for major, minor, and technical electoral reform // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 495-513.Jacobs K., Leyenaar M. A conceptual framework for major, minor, and technical electoral reform // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 495-513.Katz R.S. Why are there so many (or so few) electoral reforms? // The politics of electoral systems / M. Gallagher, P. Mitchell (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - P. 57-76.Katz R.S. Why are there so many (or so few) electoral reforms? // The politics of electoral systems / M. Gallagher, P. Mitchell (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - P. 57-76.Kreuzer M. Historical knowledge and quantitative analysis: The case of the origins of proportional representation // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2010. - Vol. 104, N 2. - P. 369-392.Kreuzer M. Historical knowledge and quantitative analysis: The case of the origins of proportional representation // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 2010. - Vol. 104, N 2. - P. 369-392.Leyenaar M., Hazan R.Y. Reconceptualising electoral reform // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 437-455.Leyenaar M., Hazan R.Y. Reconceptualising electoral reform // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 437-455.Lijphart A. Advances in the comparative study of electoral systems // World politics. - Cambridge, 1984. - Vol. 36, N 3. - P. 424-436.Lijphart A. Advances in the comparative study of electoral systems // World politics. - Cambridge, 1984. - Vol. 36, N 3. - P. 424-436.Lijphart A. The field of electoral systems research: A critical survey // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 1985. - Vol. 4, N 1. - P. 3-14.Lijphart A. The field of electoral systems research: A critical survey // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 1985. - Vol. 4, N 1. - P. 3-14.Lijphart A. Electoral systems and party systems: A study of twenty-seven democracies, 1945-1990. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1994. - 209 p.Lijphart A. Electoral systems and party systems: A study of twenty-seven democracies, 1945-1990. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1994. - 209 p.Lust-Okar E., Jamal A.A. Rulers and rules: Reassessing the influence of regime type on electoral law formation // Comparative political studies. - Beverly Hills, CA, 2002. - Vol. 35, N 3. - P. 337-366.Lust-Okar E., Jamal A.A. Rulers and rules: Reassessing the influence of regime type on electoral law formation // Comparative political studies. - Beverly Hills, CA, 2002. - Vol. 35, N 3. - P. 337-366.Nohlen D. Changes and choices in electoral systems // Choosing an electoral system: Issues and alternatives / A. Lijphart, B. Grofman (eds.). - N.Y.: Praeger, 1984. - P. 217-224.Nohlen D. Changes and choices in electoral systems // Choosing an electoral system: Issues and alternatives / A. Lijphart, B. Grofman (eds.). - N.Y.: Praeger, 1984. - P. 217-224.Norris P. Introduction: The politics of electoral reform // International political science review. - Beverly Hills, Calif., 1995. - Vol. 16, N 1. - P. 3-8.Norris P. Introduction: The politics of electoral reform // International political science review. - Beverly Hills, Calif., 1995. - Vol. 16, N 1. - P. 3-8.Norris P. Choosing electoral systems: Proportional, majoritarian and mixed systems // International political science review. - L.A., 1997. - Vol. 18, N 3. - P. 297-312.Norris P. Choosing electoral systems: Proportional, majoritarian and mixed systems // International political science review. - L.A., 1997. - Vol. 18, N 3. - P. 297-312.Norris P. Cultural explanations of electoral reform: A policy cycle model // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 531-550.Norris P. Cultural explanations of electoral reform: A policy cycle model // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 531-550.Quintal D.P. The theory of electoral systems // The western political quarterly. - Sacramento, 1970. - Vol. 23, N 4. - P. 752-761.Quintal D.P. The theory of electoral systems // The western political quarterly. - Sacramento, 1970. - Vol. 23, N 4. - P. 752-761.Rahat G. The politics of electoral reform: The state of research // Journal of elections, public opinion and parties. - L., 2011. - Vol. 21, N 4. - P. 523-543.Rahat G. The politics of electoral reform: The state of research // Journal of elections, public opinion and parties. - L., 2011. - Vol. 21, N 4. - P. 523-543.Renwick A. Electoral reform in Europe since 1945 // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 456-477.Renwick A. Electoral reform in Europe since 1945 // West European politics. - L., 2011. - Vol. 34, N 3. - P. 456-477.Reynolds A., Reilly B., Ellis A. Electoral system design: The new international IDEA handbook. - Stockholm: International IDEA, 2005. - 223 p.Reynolds A., Reilly B., Ellis A. Electoral system design: The new international IDEA handbook. - Stockholm: International IDEA, 2005. - 223 p.Riker W.H. The two-party system and Duverger’s law: An essay on the history of political science // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 1982. - Vol. 76, N 4. - P. 753-766.Riker W.H. The two-party system and Duverger’s law: An essay on the history of political science // The American political science review. - Cambridge, 1982. - Vol. 76, N 4. - P. 753-766.Rogowski R. Trade and the variety of democratic institutions // International Organication. - Cambridge, 1987. - Vol. 41, N 2. - P. 203-223.Rogowski R. Trade and the variety of democratic institutions // International Organication. - Cambridge, 1987. - Vol. 41, N 2. - P. 203-223.Rokkan S. Citizens, elections, parties: Approaches to the comparative study of the processes of development. - Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1970. - 470 p.Rokkan S. Citizens, elections, parties: Approaches to the comparative study of the processes of development. - Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1970. - 470 p.Sartori G. Political development and political engineering // Public policy. - Cambridge: Harvard univ. press, 1968. - Vol. 17 / J.D. Montgomery, A.O. Hirschman (eds.). - P. 261-298.Sartori G. Political development and political engineering // Public policy. - Cambridge: Harvard univ. press, 1968. - Vol. 17 / J.D. Montgomery, A.O. Hirschman (eds.). - P. 261-298.Schedler A. Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation // Journal of democracy. - Baltimore, MD, 2002. - Vol. 13, N 2. - P. 36-50.Schedler A. Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation // Journal of democracy. - Baltimore, MD, 2002. - Vol. 13, N 2. - P. 36-50.Shugart M.S. Comparative electoral systems research: The maturation of a field and new challenges ahead // The politics of electoral systems / M. Gallagher, P. Mitchell (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - P. 25-56.Shugart M.S. Comparative electoral systems research: The maturation of a field and new challenges ahead // The politics of electoral systems / M. Gallagher, P. Mitchell (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2005. - P. 25-56.Stroh A. Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: Undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda // Journal of Eastern African studies. - L., 2010. - Vol. 4, N 1. - P. 1-19.Stroh A. Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: Undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda // Journal of Eastern African studies. - L., 2010. - Vol. 4, N 1. - P. 1-19.Taagepera R., Shugart M.S. Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1989. - 292 p.Taagepera R., Shugart M.S. Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1989. - 292 p.Tan N. Manipulating electoral laws in Singapore // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2013. - Vol. 32, N 4. - P. 632-643.Tan N. Manipulating electoral laws in Singapore // Electoral studies. - Oxford, 2013. - Vol. 32, N 4. - P. 632-643.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.