<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2022.02.06</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-749</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАКУРСЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Динамика индивидуальной политической поддержки в России в ходе пандемии COVID-19: анализ данных опроса «ценности в кризисе»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The dynamic of political support in Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from ‘the Values in Crisis’ survey data analysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>Б. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>B. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколов Борис Олегович, кандидат политических наук, заведующий лабораторией, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории сравнительных социальных исследований (ЛССИ) им. Р. Инглхарта</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bssokolov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завадская</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavadskaya</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Завадская Маргарита Андреевна, Ph.D, научный сотрудник факультета политических наук;старший научный сотрудник лаборатории сравнительных социальных исследований (ЛССИ) им. Р. Инглхарта</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mzavadskaya@eu.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чмель</surname><given-names>К. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chmel</surname><given-names>K. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чмель Кирилл Шамилевич, научный сотрудник лаборатории сравнительных социальных исследований (ЛССИ) им. Р. Инглхарта, преподаватель департамента интегрированных коммуникаций</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kchmel@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский&#13;
университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">European University at St. Petersburg; HSE&#13;
University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Политика в трудные времена: вызовы и ответы</issue-title><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>143</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соколов Б.О., Завадская М.А., Чмель К.Ш., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соколов Б.О., Завадская М.А., Чмель К.Ш.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sokolov B.O., Zavadskaya M.A., Chmel K.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/749">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/749</self-uri><abstract><p>Как пандемия COVID-19 повлияла на отношение россиян к политическим институтам? Агрегированные данные мониторинговых опросов показывают, что по сравнению с допандемийным периодом различные показатели политической поддержки в России незначительно снизились. Однако статистика такого рода не позволяет понять, как именно разнообразные аспекты опыта столкновения с коронавирусным кризисом отразились на индивидуальных оценках деятельности правительства. В настоящей статье представлены результаты анализа данных первых двух волн международного панельного онлайн-опроса «Ценности в кризисе» (Values in Crisis) по России. Первая волна прошла в июне 2020 г.; вторая - в апреле - мае 2021 г. Размер выборок составил 1527 и 1199 респондентов соответственно; 1014 человек приняли участие в обоих этапах исследования. В качестве зависимой переменной использовался интегральный индекс политической поддержки, включающий показатели как диффузной, так и специфической поддержки. Регрессионное моделирование показало, что в ходе первой волны пандемии непосредственный опыт болезни и связанная с коронавирусом тревожность положительно коррелировали с уровнем политической поддержки, а вот опасения насчет возможных материальных потерь - отрицательно. При этом ухудшение материального положения на поддержку не влияло. Другими важными предикторами оказались правые политические взгляды и доверие традиционным СМИ (повышавшие поддержку), а также склонность к ковид-скептицизму (ее снижавшая). Через год ситуация несколько изменилась: ни опыт болезни, ни ковид-тревожность не были связаны с поддержкой, тогда как эффекты экономических факторов стали более заметными.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>How the COVID-19 pandemic affected the attitudes of Russians towards political institutions? The aggregate data of public opinion polls suggest that, according to various available indicators, the level of political support in Russia has slightly dropped, compared to the pre-pandemic period. Yet, this kind of data does not allow one to infer what aspects of the pandemic experience are the most important predictors of individual assessments of the government's performance. The article presents the results of the analysis of the data from the first two Russian waves of the international online panel survey ‘Values in Crisis’ (ViC). The first wave was carried out in Jun 2020; the second - in April-May 2021. The sample size was 1,527 and 1,199 respectively; 1,014 respondents participated in both waves. The main dependent variable is an integral index of political support that includes indicators of both diffuse and specific support. Regression modeling demonstrates that during the first wave of the pandemic in Russia (spring 2020) the direct experience of the disease and COVID-related anxiety were positively correlated with political support, while anxiety over economic losses showed negative correlation. A decrease in economic well-being had no effect on political support. Other significant predictors included right-wing political views and trust in traditional media (leading to an increase in support) and propensity to share COVID-skepticism (leading to a decrease in support). One year later, in the first half of 2021, the situation has somewhat changed: neither experiencing COVID, nor COVID-related anxiety were no longer associated with support, while the effect of economic factors became more prominent.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>политическая поддержка</kwd><kwd>пандемия COVID-19</kwd><kwd>ретро- спективное голосование</kwd><kwd>эффект «единения вокруг знамени»</kwd><kwd>институциональное доверие</kwd><kwd>российская политика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>political support</kwd><kwd>COVID-19 pandemic</kwd><kwd>retrospective voting</kwd><kwd>rally round the flag</kwd><kwd>institutional trust</kwd><kwd>Russian politics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья подготовлена в рамках гранта, предоставленного Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (№ соглашения о предоставлении гранта: 075-15-2020–928)</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The article was prepared in the framework of a research grant funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant ID: 075-15-2020–928).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baccini L., Brodeur A., Weymouth S. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2020 US Presidential Election. Journal of population economics. 2021, Vol. 34, N 2, P. 739767. DOI: 10.1007/s00148-020-00820-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baccini L., Brodeur A., Weymouth S. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2020 US Presidential Election. Journal of population economics. 2021, Vol. 34, N 2, P. 739767.  DOI: 10.1007/s00148-020-00820-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groeling T., Baum M.A. Crossing the water's edge: Elite rhetoric, media coverage, and the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon. The journal of politics. 2008, Vol. 70, N 4, P. 1065-1085. DOI: 10.1017/s0022381608081061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groeling T., Baum M.A. Crossing the water's edge: Elite rhetoric, media coverage, and the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon. The journal of politics. 2008, Vol. 70, N 4, P. 1065-1085.  DOI: 10.1017/s0022381608081061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bol D., Giani M., Blais A., Loewen P.J. The effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy? European journal of political research. 2021, Vol. 60, N 2, P. 497-505. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12401</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bol D., Giani M., Blais A., Loewen P.J. The effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy? European journal of political research. 2021, Vol. 60, N 2, P. 497-505.  DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12401</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Busygina I., Filippov M. COVID and federal relations in Russia.Russian politics. 2021, Vol. 6, N 3, P. 279-300. DOI: 10.30965/24518921-00603001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Busygina I., Filippov M. COVID and federal relations in Russia.Russian politics. 2021, Vol. 6, N 3, P. 279-300.  DOI: 10.30965/24518921-00603001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chmel K., Klimova A., Savin N. The effect of risk framing on support for restrictive government policy regarding the COVID-19 outbreak. PloS one. 2021, Vol. 16, N 10. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258132 EDN: KZFGIY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chmel K., Klimova A., Savin N. The effect of risk framing on support for restrictive government policy regarding the COVID-19 outbreak. PloS one. 2021, Vol. 16, N 10.  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258132  EDN: KZFGIY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Vries C.E., Bakker B.N., Hobolt S.B., Arceneaux K. Crisis signaling: how Italy's coronavirus lockdown affected incumbent support in other European countries. Political science research and methods. 2021, Vol. 9, N 3, P. 451-467. DOI: 10.1017/psrm.2021.6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Vries C.E., Bakker B.N., Hobolt S.B., Arceneaux K. Crisis signaling: how Italy's coronavirus lockdown affected incumbent support in other European countries. Political science research and methods. 2021, Vol. 9, N 3, P. 451-467.  DOI: 10.1017/psrm.2021.6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Easton D.A Reassessment of the concept of political support. British journal ofpolitical science. 1975, Vol. 5, N 4, P. 435-457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Easton D.A Reassessment of the concept of political support. British journal ofpolitical science. 1975, Vol. 5, N 4, P. 435-457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esaiasson P., Sohlberg J., Ghersetti M., Johansson B. How the coronavirus crisis affects citizen trust in institutions and in unknown others: Evidence from ‘the Swedish experiment'. European journal of political research. 2021, Vol. 60, N 3, P. 748-760. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esaiasson P., Sohlberg J., Ghersetti M., Johansson B. How the coronavirus crisis affects citizen trust in institutions and in unknown others: Evidence from ‘the Swedish experiment'. European journal of political research. 2021, Vol. 60, N 3, P. 748-760.  DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiorina M.P. Some problems in studying the effects of resource allocation in congressional elections. American journal of political science. 1981, Vol. 5, N 3, P. 543567. DOI: 10.2307/2110818</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiorina M.P. Some problems in studying the effects of resource allocation in congressional elections. American journal of political science. 1981, Vol. 5, N 3, P. 543567.  DOI: 10.2307/2110818</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glaurdic, J., Lesschaeve, C., Mochtak, M. Coronavirus pandemic response and voter choice: evidence from Serbia and Croatia.Communist and post-communist studies. 2021, Vol. 54, N 4, P. 197-214. DOI: 10.1525/j.postcomstud.2021.54.4.197</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glaurdic, J., Lesschaeve, C., Mochtak, M. Coronavirus pandemic response and voter choice: evidence from Serbia and Croatia.Communist and post-communist studies. 2021, Vol. 54, N 4, P. 197-214.  DOI: 10.1525/j.postcomstud.2021.54.4.197</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Healy A., Malhotra N. Retrospective voting reconsidered. Annual review of political science. 2013, Vol. 16, P. 285-306. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-212920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healy A., Malhotra N. Retrospective voting reconsidered. Annual review of political science. 2013, Vol. 16, P. 285-306.  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-212920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernandez E., Kriesi H. The electoral consequences of the financial and economic crisis in Europe. European journal of political research. 2016, Vol. 55, N 2, P. 203224. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez E., Kriesi H. The electoral consequences of the financial and economic crisis in Europe. European journal of political research. 2016, Vol. 55, N 2, P. 203224.  DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrera H., Ordonez G., Konradt M., Trebesch C. Corona politics: the cost of mismanaging pandemics. Kiel Working Paper N 2165. Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Mode of access: https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/kwp_2165.pdf.pdf (accessed: 14.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrera H., Ordonez G., Konradt M., Trebesch C. Corona politics: the cost of mismanaging pandemics. Kiel Working Paper N 2165. Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Mode of access: https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/kwp_2165.pdf.pdf (accessed: 14.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Key V.O. The responsible electorate: Rationality in presidential voting, 1936-1960. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1966, 158 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Key V.O. The responsible electorate: Rationality in presidential voting, 1936-1960. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1966, 158 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kowalewski M. Street protests in times of COVID-19: adjusting tactics and marching ‘as usual'. Social movement studies. 2020, Vol. 20, N 6, P. 1-8. DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2020.1843014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kowalewski M. Street protests in times of COVID-19: adjusting tactics and marching ‘as usual'. Social movement studies. 2020, Vol. 20, N 6, P. 1-8.  DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2020.1843014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kritzinger S., Foucault M., Lachat R., Partheymuller J., Plescia C., Brouard S. ‘Rally round the flag': the COVID-19 crisis and trust in the national government. West European politics. 2021, Vol. 44, N 5-6, P. 1205-1231. DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2021.1925017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kritzinger S., Foucault M., Lachat R., Partheymuller J., Plescia C., Brouard S. ‘Rally round the flag': the COVID-19 crisis and trust in the national government. West European politics. 2021, Vol. 44, N 5-6, P. 1205-1231.  DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2021.1925017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis-Beck M.S., Stegmaier M. Economic models of voting. In: Dalton R.J., Klingemann H.- D. The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford handbook online, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis-Beck M.S., Stegmaier M. Economic models of voting. In: Dalton R.J., Klingemann H.- D. The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford handbook online, 2007.  DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makusheva M.O., Nestik T.A. Socio-psychological preconditions and effects of trust in social institutions in a pandemic. Monitoring of public opinion: economic and social changes. 2020, N 6, P. 427-447. DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2020.6.1770 EDN: WBZVBU</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makusheva M.O., Nestik T.A. Socio-psychological preconditions and effects of trust in social institutions in a pandemic. Monitoring of public opinion: economic and social changes. 2020, N 6, P. 427-447.  DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2020.6.1770  EDN: WBZVBU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishler W., Rose R. What are the political consequences of trust? A test of cultural and institutional theories in Russia.Comparative Political Studies. 2005, Vol. 38, N 9, P. 1050-1078. DOI: 10.1177/0010414005278419 EDN: JRCIKX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishler W., Rose R. What are the political consequences of trust? A test of cultural and institutional theories in Russia.Comparative Political Studies. 2005, Vol. 38, N 9, P. 1050-1078.  DOI: 10.1177/0010414005278419  EDN: JRCIKX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newton K. Government communications, political trust and compliant social behaviour: the politics of Covid-19 in Britain. The political quarterly. 2020, Vol. 91, N 3, P. 502-513. DOI: 10.1111/1467-923X.12901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newton K. Government communications, political trust and compliant social behaviour: the politics of Covid-19 in Britain. The political quarterly. 2020, Vol. 91, N 3, P. 502-513.  DOI: 10.1111/1467-923X.12901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pleyers G. The Pandemic is a battlefield. Social movements in the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of civil society. 2020, Vol. 16, N 4, P. 295-312. DOI: 10.1080/17448689.2020.1794398</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pleyers G. The Pandemic is a battlefield. Social movements in the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of civil society. 2020, Vol. 16, N 4, P. 295-312.  DOI: 10.1080/17448689.2020.1794398</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poortinga W., Pidgeon N.F. Trust, the asymmetry principle, and the role of prior beliefs. Risk analysis: an international journal. 2004, Vol. 24, N 6, P. 1475-1486. DOI: 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00543.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poortinga W., Pidgeon N.F. Trust, the asymmetry principle, and the role of prior beliefs. Risk analysis: an international journal. 2004, Vol. 24, N 6, P. 1475-1486.  DOI: 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00543.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renstrom E.A., Back H. Emotions during the Covid-19 pandemic: Fear, anxiety, and anger as mediators between threats and policy support and political actions. Journal of applied social psychology. 2021, Vol. 51, P. 861-877. DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12806</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renstrom E.A., Back H. Emotions during the Covid-19 pandemic: Fear, anxiety, and anger as mediators between threats and policy support and political actions. Journal of applied social psychology. 2021, Vol. 51, P. 861-877.  DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12806</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schraff D. Political trust during the Covid-19 pandemic: Rally around the flag or lockdown effects? European journal of political research. 2021, Vol. 60, N 4, P. 10071017. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schraff D. Political trust during the Covid-19 pandemic: Rally around the flag or lockdown effects? European journal of political research. 2021, Vol. 60, N 4, P. 10071017.  DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shcherbak A., Ukhvatova M. The Symphony is Over? The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Russian orthodox church-state relations. Problems of post-communism. 2022, Vol. 69, N 1, P. 58-70. DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2021.1994424 EDN: PJLIPI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcherbak A., Ukhvatova M. The Symphony is Over? The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Russian orthodox church-state relations. Problems of post-communism. 2022, Vol. 69, N 1, P. 58-70.  DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2021.1994424  EDN: PJLIPI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sjoberg L. Political decisions and public risk perception. Reliability engineering &amp; system safety. 2001, Vol. 72, N 2, P. 115-123. DOI: 10.1016/s0951-8320(01)00012-6 EDN: AMWLEZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sjoberg L. Political decisions and public risk perception. Reliability engineering &amp; system safety. 2001, Vol. 72, N 2, P. 115-123.  DOI: 10.1016/s0951-8320(01)00012-6  EDN: AMWLEZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yablokov I. Fortress Russia: conspiracy theories in post-soviet Russia. Cambridge, UK; Medford, MA: Polity press, 2018, 288 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yablokov I. Fortress Russia: conspiracy theories in post-soviet Russia. Cambridge, UK; Medford, MA: Polity press, 2018, 288 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
