<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2022.04.08</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-783</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИДЕИ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Электоральные предпочтения избирателей: эффект «друзей и соседей» имеет значение в России?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Electoral preferences of voters: does the «friends and neighbors» voting matter in Russia?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаметов</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhametov</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мухаметов Руслан Салихович, кандидат политических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры политических наук</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">muhametov.ru@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет имени&#13;
первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Ural federal university<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Новая политическая география</issue-title><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>184</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мухаметов Р.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мухаметов Р.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mukhametov R.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/783">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/783</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается уровень влияния пространственных характеристик кандидата на результаты голосования. Автор стремится дать ответ на три вопроса: имеют ли преимущества «местные» кандидаты? От чего зависит склонность избирателей голосовать за «местных» политиков? Какова величина влияния эффекта «друзей и соседей» на результаты выборов? Показано, что кандидаты получают больше голосов в своих родных городах (округах). Отмечено, что большинство исследований на эту тему выполнено на электоральных данных по США и европейским государствам. Количество работ, посвященных пониманию пространственных атрибутов кандидатов на выборах в России, носит ограниченный характер. В качестве концептуальной основы исследования был выбран такой географический фактор, как эффект «друзей и соседей». Для ответа на исследовательские вопросы автор проанализировал данные, собранные в ходе онлайн-опроса. В статье проведено сравнение результатов «местных» кандидатов на прямых губернаторских выборах, которые они получили на общерегиональном уровне, с голосами избирателей в «домашнем» округе. По итогам проведенного исследования автор пришел к выводу, что избиратели склонны поддерживать «местных» кандидатов. Показано, что избирателей с более явно выраженной локальной идентичностью больше волнуют пространственные атрибуты кандидатов. В статье отмечается, что склонность голосовать за местных кандидатов в депутаты зависит от уровня организации выборов: на муниципальных выборах поддержка местных кандидатов проявляется более ярко. Автор подчеркивает, что эффект «друзей и соседей» дает местным кандидатам 4,92% голосов избирателей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the level of influence of the spatial characteristics of the candidate on the voting results. The author seeks to answer three questions: do «local» candidates have advantages? What determines the propensity of voters to vote for «local» politicians? What is the magnitude of the «friends and neighbors» effect on the election results? It is shown that candidates, as a rule, receive more votes in their «home» towns (districts). The author notes that most of the studies are based on electoral data for the United States and European countries. The number of papers devoted to understanding the spatial attributes of candidates in elections in Russia is limited. A geographical factor such as the «friends and neighbors» voting was chosen as the conceptual basis of the study. To answer the research questions, the author analyzed the data collected during the online survey. The article compared the results of «local» candidates in direct gubernatorial elections, which they received at the regional level, with the votes of voters in the «home» district. Based on the results of the study, the author came to the conclusion that voters tend to electorally support «local» candidates. The results show that voters with a more pronounced local identity are more concerned about the spatial attributes of candidates. The article notes that the tendency to vote for «local» candidates for deputies depends on the level of organization of elections: support for «local» candidates is more pronounced in municipal elections/ The author emphasizes that the «friends and neighbors» voting gives «local» candidates 4,92% of the vote.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электоральные исследования</kwd><kwd>электоральная география</kwd><kwd>выборы</kwd><kwd>голосование</kwd><kwd>эффект «друзей и соседей»</kwd><kwd>пространственный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electoral research</kwd><kwd>electoral geography</kwd><kwd>elections</kwd><kwd>personal vote</kwd><kwd>«friends and neighbors» voting</kwd><kwd>spatial analysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грошев И.В. Индивидуально-личностные и гендерно-половые особенности детерминации голосования избирателей в условиях дефицита информации о кандидатах // Экспериментальная психология. - 2013. - № 1. - С. 98-118. EDN: OKBROB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Грошев И.В. Индивидуально-личностные и гендерно-половые особенности детерминации голосования избирателей в условиях дефицита информации о кандидатах // Экспериментальная психология. - 2013. - № 1. - С. 98-118. EDN: OKBROB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковин В.С. Локальные факторы электоральных девиаций в регионах Урала на выборах 18.09.2016 // Научный ежегодник Института философии и права УРО РАН. - 2016. - № 4. - С. 45-59. EDN: XRMYQR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ковин В.С. Локальные факторы электоральных девиаций в регионах Урала на выборах 18.09.2016 // Научный ежегодник Института философии и права УРО РАН. - 2016. - № 4. - С. 45-59. EDN: XRMYQR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мау В., Кочеткова О., Жаворонков С. Экономические факторы электорального поведения и общественного сознания (Опыт России 1995-2000 годов). - М.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мау В., Кочеткова О., Жаворонков С. Экономические факторы электорального поведения и общественного сознания (Опыт России 1995-2000 годов). - М.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Научные труды Фонда "Институт экономической политики им. Е.Т. Гайдара", 1999. - 115 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Научные труды Фонда "Институт экономической политики им. Е.Т. Гайдара", 1999. - 115 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркель В., Круассан А. Формальные и неформальные институты в дефектных демократиях // Полис. Политические исследования. - 2002. - № 1. - С. 6-17. -. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2002.01.02 EDN: ESCURL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Меркель В., Круассан А. Формальные и неформальные институты в дефектных демократиях // Полис. Политические исследования. - 2002. - № 1. - С. 6-17. -. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2002.01.02 EDN: ESCURL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Окунев И., Шматкова Л. Эффект соседства в Большой Евразии: пространственный автокорреляционный и кластерный анализ // Известия Иркутского государственного университета. Сер. Политология. - 2021. - Т. 37. - С. 58-65. -. DOI: 10.26516/2073-3380.2021.37.58 EDN: ZSUXNA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Окунев И., Шматкова Л. Эффект соседства в Большой Евразии: пространственный автокорреляционный и кластерный анализ // Известия Иркутского государственного университета. Сер. Политология. - 2021. - Т. 37. - С. 58-65. -. DOI: 10.26516/2073-3380.2021.37.58 EDN: ZSUXNA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Подколзина Е.А., Демидова О.А., Кулецкая Л.Е. Пространственное моделирование электоральных предпочтений в Российской Федерации // Пространственная экономика. - 2020. - Т. 16, № 2. - С. 70-100. -. DOI: 10.14530/se.2020.2.070-100 EDN: VLGLSI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Подколзина Е.А., Демидова О.А., Кулецкая Л.Е. Пространственное моделирование электоральных предпочтений в Российской Федерации // Пространственная экономика. - 2020. - Т. 16, № 2. - С. 70-100. -. DOI: 10.14530/se.2020.2.070-100 EDN: VLGLSI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сересова У. Социальные факторы электорального процесса в регионах России, или За кого голосуют бедные // Логос. - 2005. - № 1. - С. 257-274. EDN: XHSOQL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сересова У. Социальные факторы электорального процесса в регионах России, или За кого голосуют бедные // Логос. - 2005. - № 1. - С. 257-274. EDN: XHSOQL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткачева Т., Турченко М. Факторы успеха кандидатов-самовыдвиженцев на выборах в представительные органы столиц регионов России (2014-2018 гг.) // Политическая наука. - 2019. - № 1. - С. 147-164. -. DOI: 10.31249/poln/2019.01.08 EDN: ZCJNJZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ткачева Т., Турченко М. Факторы успеха кандидатов-самовыдвиженцев на выборах в представительные органы столиц регионов России (2014-2018 гг.) // Политическая наука. - 2019. - № 1. - С. 147-164. -. DOI: 10.31249/poln/2019.01.08 EDN: ZCJNJZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Туровский Р.Ф., Гайворонский Ю. Влияние экономики на электоральное поведение в России: работает ли "контракт" власти и общества? // Полития. - 2017. -№ 3. - С. 42-61. -. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2017-86-3-42-61 EDN: XTXFWX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Туровский Р.Ф., Гайворонский Ю. Влияние экономики на электоральное поведение в России: работает ли "контракт" власти и общества? // Полития. - 2017. -№ 3. - С. 42-61. -. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2017-86-3-42-61 EDN: XTXFWX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холодильник vs телевизор? Экономическое голосование на выборах в Государственную думу 2016 г. / А.Н. Щербак, Д. Смирнова, Е. Озернова [и др.] // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. - 2017. - № 3. - С. 137-155. -. DOI: 10.17072/2218-1067-2017-4-137-15 EDN: ZHMXHP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Холодильник vs телевизор? Экономическое голосование на выборах в Государственную думу 2016 г. / А.Н. Щербак, Д. Смирнова, Е. Озернова [и др.] // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. - 2017. - № 3. - С. 137-155. -. DOI: 10.17072/2218-1067-2017-4-137-15 EDN: ZHMXHP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак А. Экономический рост и итоги думских выборов 2003 // Политическая наука. - 2005. - № 2. - С. 105-123. EDN: HOHVWN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щербак А. Экономический рост и итоги думских выборов 2003 // Политическая наука. - 2005. - № 2. - С. 105-123. EDN: HOHVWN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agnew J.A. Mapping politics: how context counts in Political geography. Political geography. 1996, Vol. 15, N 2, Р. 165-168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agnew J.A. Mapping politics: how context counts in Political geography. Political geography. 1996, Vol. 15, N 2, Р. 165-168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen Stevens B., Islam M., De Geus R., Goldberg J., McAndrews J., Mierke-Zatwarnicki A., Loewen P., Rubenson D. Does the local candidate matter? Candidate effects in the Canadian Election of 2000. Canadian journal of political science. 2018, Vol. 52, N 1, Р. 83-96. DOI: 10.1017/S0008423918000367</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen Stevens B., Islam M., De Geus R., Goldberg J., McAndrews J., Mierke-Zatwarnicki A., Loewen P., Rubenson D. Does the local candidate matter? Candidate effects in the Canadian Election of 2000. Canadian journal of political science. 2018, Vol. 52, N 1, Р. 83-96. DOI: 10.1017/S0008423918000367</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arzheimer K., Evans J. Geolocation and voting: Candidateevoter distance effects on party choice in the 2010 UK general election in England. Political geography. 2012, Vol. 31, N 5, Р. 301-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.04.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arzheimer K., Evans J. Geolocation and voting: Candidateevoter distance effects on party choice in the 2010 UK general election in England. Political geography. 2012, Vol. 31, N 5, Р. 301-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.04.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cain B., Ferejohn J., Fiorina M. The personal vote: constituency service and electoral independence. Cambridge: Harvard university press, 1987, 268 p. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674493285</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cain B., Ferejohn J., Fiorina M. The personal vote: constituency service and electoral independence. Cambridge: Harvard university press, 1987, 268 p. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674493285</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell R., Cowley P. What voters want: reactions to candidate characteristics in a survey experiment. Political studies. 2014, Vol. 62, N 4, Р. 745-765. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.12048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell R., Cowley P. What voters want: reactions to candidate characteristics in a survey experiment. Political studies. 2014, Vol. 62, N 4, Р. 745-765. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.12048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell R., Cowley Р., Vivyan N., Wagner M. Why friends and neighbors? Explaining the electoral appeal of local roots. The journal of politics. 2019, Vol. 81, N 3, Р. 937-951. DOI: 10.1086/703131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell R., Cowley Р., Vivyan N., Wagner M. Why friends and neighbors? Explaining the electoral appeal of local roots. The journal of politics. 2019, Vol. 81, N 3, Р. 937-951. DOI: 10.1086/703131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collignon S., Sajuria J. Local means local, does it? Regional identication and preferences for local candidates. Electoral studies. 2018, Vol. 56, Р. 170-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2018.07.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collignon S., Sajuria J. Local means local, does it? Regional identication and preferences for local candidates. Electoral studies. 2018, Vol. 56, Р. 170-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2018.07.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamond L. Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of democracy. 2002, Vol. 13, N 2, Р. 21-35. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0025 EDN: GXFXQV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamond L. Thinking about hybrid regimes. Journal of democracy. 2002, Vol. 13, N 2, Р. 21-35. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0025 EDN: GXFXQV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elinder M, Henrik J., Poutvaara Р. Promises, policies and pocketbook voting. European economic review. 2015, Vol. 75, Р. 177-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.01.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elinder M, Henrik J., Poutvaara Р. Promises, policies and pocketbook voting. European economic review. 2015, Vol. 75, Р. 177-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.01.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans J., Arzheimer K., Campbell R., Cowley P. Candidate localness and voter choice in the 2015 General Election in England. Political geography. 2017, Vol. 59, Р. 6171. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.02.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans J., Arzheimer K., Campbell R., Cowley P. Candidate localness and voter choice in the 2015 General Election in England. Political geography. 2017, Vol. 59, Р. 6171. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.02.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernandez-Duran J.J., Poire A., Rojas-Nandayapa L. Spatial and temporal effects in Mexican direct elections for the chamber of deputies. Political Geography. 2004, Vol. 23, Р. 529-548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernandez-Duran J.J., Poire A., Rojas-Nandayapa L. Spatial and temporal effects in Mexican direct elections for the chamber of deputies. Political Geography. 2004, Vol. 23, Р. 529-548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiva J.H., Halse A.H. Local favoritism in at-large proportional representation systems. Journal of public economics. 2016, Vol. 143 (с), Р. 15-26. DOI: 10.1016/jjpubeco.2016.08.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiva J.H., Halse A.H. Local favoritism in at-large proportional representation systems. Journal of public economics. 2016, Vol. 143 (с), Р. 15-26. DOI: 10.1016/jjpubeco.2016.08.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiva J., Smith D. Local candidates and voter mobilization: Evidence from historical two-round elections in Norway. Electoral studies. 2017, Vol. 43, Р. 1301-1340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiva J., Smith D. Local candidates and voter mobilization: Evidence from historical two-round elections in Norway. Electoral studies. 2017, Vol. 43, Р. 1301-1340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gimpel J., Karnes K., McTague J., Pearson-Merkowitz S. Distance-decay in the Political geography of friends-and-neighbors voting. Political geography. 2008, Vol. 27, N 2, Р. 231-252. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.10.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gimpel J., Karnes K., McTague J., Pearson-Merkowitz S. Distance-decay in the Political geography of friends-and-neighbors voting. Political geography. 2008, Vol. 27, N 2, Р. 231-252. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.10.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorecki M., Marsh M. A decline of ‘friends and neighbours voting' in Ireland? Local candidate effects in the 2011 Irish ‘earthquake election'. Political geography. 2014, Vol. 41, Р. 11-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorecki M., Marsh M. A decline of ‘friends and neighbours voting' in Ireland? Local candidate effects in the 2011 Irish ‘earthquake election'. Political geography. 2014, Vol. 41, Р. 11-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorecki M., Marsh M. Not just ‘friends and neighbours': Canvassing, geographic proximity and voter choice. European journal of political research. 2012, Vol. 51, N 5, Р. 563-582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorecki M., Marsh M. Not just ‘friends and neighbours': Canvassing, geographic proximity and voter choice. European journal of political research. 2012, Vol. 51, N 5, Р. 563-582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guriev S., Treisman D. A theory of informational autocracy. Journal of public economics. 2020, Vol. 6, N 1, Р. 104-158. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3426238 EDN: ZGYYCF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guriev S., Treisman D. A theory of informational autocracy. Journal of public economics. 2020, Vol. 6, N 1, Р. 104-158. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3426238 EDN: ZGYYCF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guriev S., Treisman D. Informational autocrats. Journal of economic perspectives. 2019, Vol. 33, N 4, Р. 100-127. DOI: 10.1257/jep.33.4.100 EDN: MXMGFV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guriev S., Treisman D. Informational autocrats. Journal of economic perspectives. 2019, Vol. 33, N 4, Р. 100-127. DOI: 10.1257/jep.33.4.100 EDN: MXMGFV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansford T.G., Gomez B.T. Reevaluating the sociotropic economic voting hypothesis. Electoral studies. 2015, Vol. 39, Р. 15-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansford T.G., Gomez B.T. Reevaluating the sociotropic economic voting hypothesis. Electoral studies. 2015, Vol. 39, Р. 15-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herron E., Lynch M. ‘Friends and Neighbors' voting under mixed-member majoritarian electoral systems: Evidence from Lithuania. Representation. 2019, Vol. 55, N 1, Р. 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/00344893.2019.1581078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herron E., Lynch M. ‘Friends and Neighbors' voting under mixed-member majoritarian electoral systems: Evidence from Lithuania. Representation. 2019, Vol. 55, N 1, Р. 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/00344893.2019.1581078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jankowski M. Voting for locals: Voters' information processing strategies in open-list PR systems. Electoral studies. 2016, Vol. 43, Р. 72-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jankowski M. Voting for locals: Voters' information processing strategies in open-list PR systems. Electoral studies. 2016, Vol. 43, Р. 72-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson N. An analysis of the ‘Friends and Neighbors' effect in an Irish urban constituency. Irish geography. 1989, Vol. 10, Р. 93-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson N. An analysis of the ‘Friends and Neighbors' effect in an Irish urban constituency. Irish geography. 1989, Vol. 10, Р. 93-105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnston R., Forrest J. Spatial-structural effects and the geography of voting in Australia, 1977. Australian geographer. 1985, Vol. 16, N 4, Р. 286-290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnston R., Forrest J. Spatial-structural effects and the geography of voting in Australia, 1977. Australian geographer. 1985, Vol. 16, N 4, Р. 286-290.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnston R. Local effects in voting at a local election. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1974, Vol. 64, N 3, Р. 418-429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnston R. Local effects in voting at a local election. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1974, Vol. 64, N 3, Р. 418-429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnston R., Pattie C., Pemberton H., Wickham-Jones M. "If You've Got Friends and Neighbours": Constituency Voting Patterns for the UK Labor Party Leader in 2010. Journal of elections, public opinion and parties. 2016, Vol. 26, N 1, Р. 58-77. DOI: 10.1080/17457289.2015.1099537</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnston R., Pattie C., Pemberton H., Wickham-Jones M. "If You've Got Friends and Neighbours": Constituency Voting Patterns for the UK Labor Party Leader in 2010. Journal of elections, public opinion and parties. 2016, Vol. 26, N 1, Р. 58-77. DOI: 10.1080/17457289.2015.1099537</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnston R., Pattie C. Putting voters in their place: Geography and elections in Great Britain. Oxford: Oxford university press, 2006, 354р. :oso/9780199268047.001.0001. DOI: 10.1093/acprof</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnston R., Pattie C. Putting voters in their place: Geography and elections in Great Britain. Oxford: Oxford university press, 2006, 354р. :oso/9780199268047.001.0001. DOI: 10.1093/acprof</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Key V.O. Southern politics in state and nation. Knoxville: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1949, 675 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Key V.O. Southern politics in state and nation. Knoxville: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1949, 675 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Landman T. Issues and methods in comparative politics: an introduction. Third Edition. London; New York: Routledge, 2008, 385 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Landman T. Issues and methods in comparative politics: an introduction. Third Edition. London; New York: Routledge, 2008, 385 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levitsky S., Way L. The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of democracy.2002, Vol. 13, N 2, P. 51-65. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0026 EDN: GXFXRP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitsky S., Way L. The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of democracy.2002, Vol. 13, N 2, P. 51-65. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0026 EDN: GXFXRP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis-Beck M.S., Rice T.W. Localism in presidential elections: The home state advantage. American Journal of Political Science. 1983, Vol. 27, N 3, Р. 548-556.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis-Beck M.S., Rice T.W. Localism in presidential elections: The home state advantage. American Journal of Political Science. 1983, Vol. 27, N 3, Р. 548-556.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meredith M. Exploiting friends-and-neighbors to estimate coattail effects. American political science review. 2013, Vol. 107, N 4, Р. 742-765. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055413000439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meredith M. Exploiting friends-and-neighbors to estimate coattail effects. American political science review. 2013, Vol. 107, N 4, Р. 742-765. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055413000439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Donell G. Delegative democracy. Journal of democracy. 1994, N 5, P. 55-69. EDN: HIMFTD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Donell G. Delegative democracy. Journal of democracy. 1994, N 5, P. 55-69. EDN: HIMFTD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panagopoulos C., Bailey K. "Friends-and-neighbors" mobilization: a field experimental replication and extension. Journal of experimental political science. 2019, Vol. 7, N 1, Р. 13-26. DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2019.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panagopoulos C., Bailey K. "Friends-and-neighbors" mobilization: a field experimental replication and extension. Journal of experimental political science. 2019, Vol. 7, N 1, Р. 13-26. DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2019.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schedler А. The menu of manipulation. Journal of democracy. 2002, Vol. 13, N 2, P. 36-50. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0031 EDN: GXFXRF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schedler А. The menu of manipulation. Journal of democracy. 2002, Vol. 13, N 2, P. 36-50. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0031 EDN: GXFXRF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitter P.C. Dangers and dilemmas of democracy. Journal of democracy. 1994, Vol. 5, N 2, Р. 57-74. DOI: 10.1353/jod.1994.0036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitter P.C. Dangers and dilemmas of democracy. Journal of democracy. 1994, Vol. 5, N 2, Р. 57-74. DOI: 10.1353/jod.1994.0036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shugart, M.S., Valdini M.E., Suominen K. Looking for locals: voter information demands and personal voteearning attributes of legislators under proportional representation. American Journal of political science. 2005, Vol. 49, N 2, Р. 437-449.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shugart, M.S., Valdini M.E., Suominen K. Looking for locals: voter information demands and personal voteearning attributes of legislators under proportional representation. American Journal of political science. 2005, Vol. 49, N 2, Р. 437-449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simiyu R. Politics of residency, friends and neighbors effect, and voting patterns in Kwanza Constituency, Kenya, 1988-2000. African geographic review. 2010, Vol. 29, N 1, Р. 37-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simiyu R. Politics of residency, friends and neighbors effect, and voting patterns in Kwanza Constituency, Kenya, 1988-2000. African geographic review. 2010, Vol. 29, N 1, Р. 37-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Studlar D., McAllister I. Constituency activity and representational roles among Australian legislators. The journal ofpolitics. 1996, Vol. 58, N 1, Р. 69-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Studlar D., McAllister I. Constituency activity and representational roles among Australian legislators. The journal ofpolitics. 1996, Vol. 58, N 1, Р. 69-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavits M. Effect of local ties on electoral success and parliamentary behaviour. Party politics. 2010, Vol. 16, N 2, Р. 215-235. DOI: 10.1177/1354068809341053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavits M. Effect of local ties on electoral success and parliamentary behaviour. Party politics. 2010, Vol. 16, N 2, Р. 215-235. DOI: 10.1177/1354068809341053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavits M. The making of mavericks. Local loyalties and party defection.Comparative political studies. 2009, Vol. 42, N 6, Р. 793-815. EDN: LYDPUV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavits M. The making of mavericks. Local loyalties and party defection.Comparative political studies. 2009, Vol. 42, N 6, Р. 793-815. EDN: LYDPUV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tunstall H., Rossiter D., Pattiet C., MacAllister I, Johnston R., Dorling D. Geographical scale, the 'feel-good factor' and voting at the 1997 general election in England and Wales. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 2000, Vol. 25, N 1, Р. 51-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tunstall H., Rossiter D., Pattiet C., MacAllister I, Johnston R., Dorling D. Geographical scale, the 'feel-good factor' and voting at the 1997 general election in England and Wales. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 2000, Vol. 25, N 1, Р. 51-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корнеева Е. Локальный уровень голосования в России: пространственно экономический подход // Политическая наука. - 2021. - № 3. - С. 229-250. -. DOI: 10.31249/poln/2021.03.10 EDN: TJNQFA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Корнеева Е. Локальный уровень голосования в России: пространственно экономический подход // Политическая наука. - 2021. - № 3. - С. 229-250. -. DOI: 10.31249/poln/2021.03.10 EDN: TJNQFA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Особенности влияния электоральных свойств кандидатов на голосовательное поведение избирателей / И.В. Грошев, А.В. Горбенко, И.В. Антоненко,В.Н. Воронин // Вестник университета. - 2019. - № 3. - С. 177-188. EDN: ZBMHYL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Особенности влияния электоральных свойств кандидатов на голосовательное поведение избирателей / И.В. Грошев, А.В. Горбенко, И.В. Антоненко,В.Н. Воронин // Вестник университета. - 2019. - № 3. - С. 177-188. EDN: ZBMHYL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
