politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2021.04.10politscience-801Research ArticleРАКУРСЫГлобальная альтернативная общественность в Instagram: опыт сетевого анализа русскоязычных блогов о миграцииGlobal alternative public on Instagram: SNA-based case study of blogs about migration in Russian languageСмоляроваА. С.SmoliarovaA. S.

Смолярова Анна Сергеевна, кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры международной журналистики

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

a.smolyarova@spbu.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияSt. Petersburg state universityRussian Federation20211805202304Политические сети239260Copyright © Смолярова А.С., 20232023Смолярова А.С.Smoliarova A.S.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/801

В статье рассматривается с точки зрения теории публичной сферы зарубежная русскоязычная блогосфера на платформе Instagram. В ходе исследования выявлено активное сотрудничество блогеров, проживающих в разных странах, во время освещения пандемии коронавируса в марте - апреле 2020 г. Участниками сетевых общественностей, объединенных в рамках данного сотрудничества, стали более 4 тыс. русскоговорящих инстаграм-пользователей, комментирующих посты, охват аудитории у наиболее популярных блогеров превышал порог в 100 тыс. подписчиков. Блогеры, инициировавшие контрибутивные публикации о положении с COVID-19 в своих странах, являлись точками кристаллизации публичных дискуссий для людей с опытом миграции, которые нередко исключены из национальных публичных сфер как родных стран, так и стран проживания. Предлагая своим подписчикам познакомиться с ситуацией в разных странах, блогеры сформировали глобальную арену, которая возникает на пересечении сетевых групп общественности, сложившихся вокруг блогеров. Основным механизмом создания подобной арены выступает сотрудничество блогеров, направленное на собственное продвижение и помощь другим блогерам в противостоянии алгоритмам онлайн-платформы. Коллаборация в виде единовременной публикации постов на одну и ту же тему, объединенных уникальным хештэгом и включающих прямые ссылки на блогеров из других стран, приводит к возникновению сетевого ad hoc, или ситуативного, глобального медиа на русском языке. На арене, конституируемой ad hoc медиа, русскоговорящие мигранты, живущие в разных странах, могли обсудить меры, которые предпринимали государства для победы над пандемией. В то же время данная глобальная сетевая общественность остается «слабой публикой», которая не трансформировалась в контрпубличную сферу участия.

The article examines the foreign Russian-language blogosphere on Instagram through the lenses of the public sphere theory. The study revealed active cooperation of bloggers living in different countries during coverage of the coronavirus pandemic in March-April 2020. More than 4,000 Russian-speaking Instagram users commenting on posts became members of the networked publics because of this cooperation, the audience coverage of the most popular bloggers exceeded the threshold of one hundred thousand subscribers. Bloggers who initiated contributory publications on the situation with COVID-19 in their countries were points of crystallization of public discussions for people with migration experience, who are often excluded from the national public spheres of both their home countries and countries of residence. By inviting their subscribers to get acquainted with the situation in different countries, bloggers have formed a global arena that arises at the intersection of online public groups that have developed around bloggers. The main mechanism for creating such an arena is the cooperation of bloggers aimed at their own promotion and helping other bloggers in opposing the algorithms of the online platform. Collaboration in the form of a one-time publication of posts on the same topic, united by a unique hashtag and including direct links to bloggers from other countries, leads to the emergence of online ad hoc, or situational, global media in Russian. In the arena constituted by ad hoc media, Russian-speaking migrants living in different countries could discuss the measures that states were taking to defeat the pandemic. At the same time, this global networked public remains a “weak public” that has not transformed into a participatory counter-public sphere.

контрпубличная сферасетевые группы общественностиосвещение COVID-19Instagramсоциальные медиатранснациональная миграциярусскоязычные медиа за рубежомcounter-public spherenetworked publicsCOVID-19 coverageInstagramsocial mediatransnational migrationRussian-language media abroadИсследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта Президента Российской Федерации для государственной поддержки молодых российских ученых – кандидатов наук: проект МК-1448.2020.6 «Трансформация медиарепертуара как стратегия социокультурной адаптации мигрантов».The research has been supported in full by Russian Presidential Grant for Young PhD Scientists, research grant MK-1448.2020.6.ReferencesAsen R. Seeking the 'Counter' in counterpublics. Communication theory. 2000, Vol. 10, N 4, P. 424-446. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00201.xAsen R. Seeking the 'Counter' in counterpublics. Communication theory. 2000, Vol. 10, N 4, P. 424-446. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00201.xBodrunova S.S., Smoliarova A.S., Blekanov I.S., Zhuravleva N.N., Danilova Yu.S.A global public sphere of compassion? #JeSuisCharlie and #JeNeSuisPasCharlie on Twitter and their language boundaries. Monitoring of public opinion: economic and social changes. 2018, N 1, P. 267-295. DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2018.1.14 EDN: YQUCQXBodrunova S.S., Smoliarova A.S., Blekanov I.S., Zhuravleva N.N., Danilova Yu.S.A global public sphere of compassion? #JeSuisCharlie and #JeNeSuisPasCharlie on Twitter and their language boundaries. Monitoring of public opinion: economic and social changes. 2018, N 1, P. 267-295. DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2018.1.14 EDN: YQUCQXBoyd D. Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In: Z. Papacharissi (ed.). A networked self: Identity, community and culture on social network sites. New York: Routledge, 2010, P. 39-58.Boyd D. Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In: Z. Papacharissi (ed.). A networked self: Identity, community and culture on social network sites. New York: Routledge, 2010, P. 39-58.Bruns A., Burgess J. Twitter hashtags from ad hoc to calculated publics. In: Rambukkana N. (ed.). Hashtag publics: The power and politics of discursive networks. New York: Peter Lang, 2015, P. 13-28.Bruns A., Burgess J. Twitter hashtags from ad hoc to calculated publics. In: Rambukkana N. (ed.). Hashtag publics: The power and politics of discursive networks. New York: Peter Lang, 2015, P. 13-28.Dahlgren P. The Internet, public spheres, and Political communication: Dispersion and deliberation. Political communication. 2005, Vol. 22, N 2, P. 147-162. DOI: 10.1080/10584600590933160Dahlgren P. The Internet, public spheres, and Political communication: Dispersion and deliberation. Political communication. 2005, Vol. 22, N 2, P. 147-162. DOI: 10.1080/10584600590933160Docherty S. The contemporary global public sphere as reincarnation of Habermas' bourgeois society. Inquiries journal. 2015, Vol. 7, N 02. URL: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1000.Docherty S. The contemporary global public sphere as reincarnation of Habermas' bourgeois society. Inquiries journal. 2015, Vol. 7, N 02. URL: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1000.Downey J., Fenton N. New media and the public sphere. New media & society. 2003, Vol. 5, N 2, P. 185-202. DOI: 10.1177/1461444803005002003Downey J., Fenton N. New media and the public sphere. New media & society. 2003, Vol. 5, N 2, P. 185-202. DOI: 10.1177/1461444803005002003Ferree M.M., Gamson W.A., Gerhards J., Rucht D. Four models of the public sphere in modern democracies. Theory and society. 2002, Vol. 31, N 3, P. 289-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016284431021. EDN: BCAWYPFerree M.M., Gamson W.A., Gerhards J., Rucht D. Four models of the public sphere in modern democracies. Theory and society. 2002, Vol. 31, N 3, P. 289-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016284431021. EDN: BCAWYPFraser N. Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social text. 1990, Vol. 25/26, P. 56-80. DOI: 10.2307/466240Fraser N. Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social text. 1990, Vol. 25/26, P. 56-80. DOI: 10.2307/466240Fraser N. Transnational public sphere: Transnationalizing the public sphere: On the legitimacy and efficacy of public opinion in a post-Westphalian world. Theory, culture & society. 2007, Vol. 24, N 4, P. 7-30. DOI: 10.1177/0263276407080090 EDN: JTTQFVFraser N. Transnational public sphere: Transnationalizing the public sphere: On the legitimacy and efficacy of public opinion in a post-Westphalian world. Theory, culture & society. 2007, Vol. 24, N 4, P. 7-30. DOI: 10.1177/0263276407080090 EDN: JTTQFVIlyin M. Prototype citizenship: evolving concepts of inclusion and order. In: Wiesner C., Björk A., Kivistö H.M., Mäkinen K. (eds). Shaping citizenship. New York: Routledge, 2017, P. 23-38. EDN: XXTVLFIlyin M. Prototype citizenship: evolving concepts of inclusion and order. In: Wiesner C., Björk A., Kivistö H.M., Mäkinen K. (eds). Shaping citizenship. New York: Routledge, 2017, P. 23-38. EDN: XXTVLFMalinova O. Yu. Symbolic politics and construction of macro-political identity in post-Soviet Russia. Polis. Political studies. 2010, N 2, P. 90-105. (In Russ.). EDN: LADFQJMalinova O. Yu. Symbolic politics and construction of macro-political identity in post-Soviet Russia. Polis. Political studies. 2010, N 2, P. 90-105. (In Russ.). EDN: LADFQJLay S., Thomas L. Ethnic minority media in London: transition and transformation. Media, culture & society. 2012, Vol. 34, N 3, P. 369-380. DOI: 10.1177/0163443711434348Lay S., Thomas L. Ethnic minority media in London: transition and transformation. Media, culture & society. 2012, Vol. 34, N 3, P. 369-380. DOI: 10.1177/0163443711434348Leurs K., Ponzanesi S. Connected migrants: encapsulation and cosmopolitanization. Popular communication. 2018, Vol. 16, N 1, P. 4-20. DOI: 10.1080/15405702.2017.1418359Leurs K., Ponzanesi S. Connected migrants: encapsulation and cosmopolitanization. Popular communication. 2018, Vol. 16, N 1, P. 4-20. DOI: 10.1080/15405702.2017.1418359O'Meara V. Weapons of the chic: Instagram influencer engagement pods as practices of resistance to Instagram platform labor. Social Media + Society. 2019, Vol. 5, N 4. DOI: 10.1177/2056305119879671O'Meara V. Weapons of the chic: Instagram influencer engagement pods as practices of resistance to Instagram platform labor. Social Media + Society. 2019, Vol. 5, N 4. DOI: 10.1177/2056305119879671Papacharissi Z. (ed.). A networked self: Identity, community and culture on social network sites. New York: Routledge, 2010, 336 p.Papacharissi Z. (ed.). A networked self: Identity, community and culture on social network sites. New York: Routledge, 2010, 336 p.Papacharissi Z. Affective publics and structures of storytelling: Sentiment, events and mediality. Information, communication & society, 2016, Vol. 19, N 3, P. 307-324. DOI: 10.1080/1369118x.2015.1109697Papacharissi Z. Affective publics and structures of storytelling: Sentiment, events and mediality. Information, communication & society, 2016, Vol. 19, N 3, P. 307-324. DOI: 10.1080/1369118x.2015.1109697Pfetsch B. Dissonant and disconnected public spheres as challenge for political communication research. Javnost the public. 2018, Vol. 25, N 1-2, P. 59-65. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2018.1423942Pfetsch B. Dissonant and disconnected public spheres as challenge for political communication research. Javnost the public. 2018, Vol. 25, N 1-2, P. 59-65. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2018.1423942Rauchfleisch A. The public sphere as an essentially contested concept: A co-citation analysis of the last 20 years of public sphere research. Communication and the public. 2017, Vol. 2, N 1, P. 3-18. DOI: 10.1177/2057047317691054 EDN: KNRIBFRauchfleisch A. The public sphere as an essentially contested concept: A co-citation analysis of the last 20 years of public sphere research. Communication and the public. 2017, Vol. 2, N 1, P. 3-18. DOI: 10.1177/2057047317691054 EDN: KNRIBFSmoliarova A., Bodrunova S.S. InstaMigrants: Global ties and mundane publics of Russian-speaking bloggers with migration background. Social Media + Society. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/20563051211033809 EDN: UJNUYASmoliarova A., Bodrunova S.S. InstaMigrants: Global ties and mundane publics of Russian-speaking bloggers with migration background. Social Media + Society. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/20563051211033809 EDN: UJNUYASmoliarova A., Gromova T., Sharkova E. Bloggers against panic: Russian-speaking Instagram bloggers in China and Italy reporting about COVID-19. In: Pollock J.C., Kovach D. (eds). COVID-19 in international communication: responses to the pandemic in global perspective. New York: Routledge, (forthcoming).Smoliarova A., Gromova T., Sharkova E. Bloggers against panic: Russian-speaking Instagram bloggers in China and Italy reporting about COVID-19. In: Pollock J.C., Kovach D. (eds). COVID-19 in international communication: responses to the pandemic in global perspective. New York: Routledge, (forthcoming).Trubina E. Public: а short review of a concept. In: E. Iarskaia-Smirnova, P. Romanov (eds). Public sphere: theory, methodology, case studies. Moscow: Variant, GSPGS, 2013, P. 25-34.Trubina E. Public: а short review of a concept. In: E. Iarskaia-Smirnova, P. Romanov (eds). Public sphere: theory, methodology, case studies. Moscow: Variant, GSPGS, 2013, P. 25-34.Tykanova E.V. Strategies of claim legitimization of the strong and weak publics to property rights in the context of consumer society. Journal of sociology and social anthropology. 2011, Vol. 14, N 5, P. 158-167 (In Russ.). EDN: ORRCTZTykanova E.V. Strategies of claim legitimization of the strong and weak publics to property rights in the context of consumer society. Journal of sociology and social anthropology. 2011, Vol. 14, N 5, P. 158-167 (In Russ.). EDN: ORRCTZWimmer J. Counter-public spheres and the revival of the European public sphere.Javnost the public. 2005, Vol. 12, N 2, P. 93-110. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2005.11008890Wimmer J. Counter-public spheres and the revival of the European public sphere.Javnost the public. 2005, Vol. 12, N 2, P. 93-110. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2005.11008890Дубровина Д.Н. Феномен публики: современные трактовки и жизненное воплощение // Наука о человеке: гуманитарные исследования. 2007. № 1. C. 34-39. EDN: OWSRDZДубровина Д.Н. Феномен публики: современные трактовки и жизненное воплощение // Наука о человеке: гуманитарные исследования. 2007. № 1. C. 34-39. EDN: OWSRDZМалинова О.Ю. Символическая политика и конструирование макрополитической идентичности в постсоветской России // Полис. Политические исследования. 2010. № 2. С. 90-105. EDN: LADFQJМалинова О.Ю. Символическая политика и конструирование макрополитической идентичности в постсоветской России // Полис. Политические исследования. 2010. № 2. С. 90-105. EDN: LADFQJПопова О.В., Суслов С.И. Сетевой анализ политических интернет-сообществ: от формализованных к "ненаблюдаемым" группам // Политическая наука. 2021. № 1. С. 160-182. http://www. DOI: 10.31249/poln/2021.01.07 EDN: GOEIKLПопова О.В., Суслов С.И. Сетевой анализ политических интернет-сообществ: от формализованных к "ненаблюдаемым" группам // Политическая наука. 2021. № 1. С. 160-182. http://www. DOI: 10.31249/poln/2021.01.07 EDN: GOEIKLТрубина Е. Публика: краткий очерк понятия // Публичная сфера: теория, методология, кейс-стади / под ред. Е.Р. Ярской-Смирновой, П.В. Романова. М.: ООО "Вариант", ЦСПГИ, 2013. C. 25-34.Трубина Е. Публика: краткий очерк понятия // Публичная сфера: теория, методология, кейс-стади / под ред. Е.Р. Ярской-Смирновой, П.В. Романова. М.: ООО "Вариант", ЦСПГИ, 2013. C. 25-34.Тыканова Е. Стратегии легитимации притязаний "сильных" и "слабых" публик на права собственности в контексте общества потребления (на примере конфликта вокруг сноса гаражей в Санкт-Петербурге) // Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. 2011. № 14 (5). C. 158-167. EDN: ORRCTZТыканова Е. Стратегии легитимации притязаний "сильных" и "слабых" публик на права собственности в контексте общества потребления (на примере конфликта вокруг сноса гаражей в Санкт-Петербурге) // Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. 2011. № 14 (5). C. 158-167. EDN: ORRCTZ

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.