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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Политическая наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1775</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ИНИОН РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/poln/2021.01.04</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politscience-835</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОСТОЯНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методы каузального анализа в современной политической науке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Methods of causal inference in contemporary political science</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Седашов</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sedashov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Седашов Евгений Александрович, PhD, доцент, Департамент политики и управления</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">esedashov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Математические методы в политической науке</issue-title><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Седашов Е.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Седашов Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sedashov E.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/835">https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/835</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящей статье описываются методы каузального анализа, наиболее популярные в современной политической науке. Мы не фокусируемся на технических деталях, стоящих за каждым методом, а описываем основные идеи с целью сделать их более доступными для широкой аудитории исследователей. Мы также описываем алгоритм исследовательского дизайна для каждого метода. Во-первых, мы анализируем общую мотивацию каузального анализа. Мы обсуждаем, как проблема каузальности возникает в тестировании гипотез и показываем эту проблему на примере взаимосвязи демократии и экономического развития. Во-вторых, мы иллюстрируем общую проблему каузальности в рамках каузальной модели Рубина (КМР). Мы представляем все основные понятия данной модели и затем демонстрируем, как КМР формулирует общую проблему каузальности. В-третьих, мы описываем наиболее часто используемые методы каузального анализа: рандомизированные эксперименты, метод разрывной регрессии, метод difference-in-difference и инструментальные переменные. Для каждого метода мы даем читателю общее описание, а также шаги исследовательского дизайна. Мы также приводим примеры известных исследований, в которых применяется тот или иной метод, и кратко обсуждаем достоинства и недостатки каждого метода. Читатель, вооруженный этим знанием, сможет найти метод, наиболее подходящий к его исследовательской проблеме. В заключение мы обсуждаем, как идеи каузального анализа могут применяться в качественных исследованиях, в частности в кейс-стади, и делаем вывод о важности этих идей как для количественных, так и для качественных политических исследований.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper serves as an exposition of the causal inference methods that are most popular in political science. Rather than focusing on technical details we present a brief summary of main ideas behind each method with the goal of making them accessible to a broad audience of researchers. We also provide a research design algorithm for each method. First, we focus on a general motivation behind causal inference methods. We discuss how the problem of causality arises in hypothesis testing and describe the relationship between democracy and economic development as a case in point. Second, we give an exposition of a general causality problem within the framework of Rubin Causal Model (RCM). We provide all basic definitions and then demonstrate how the problem of causal inference arise within RCM. Third, we describe the most frequently used methods of causal inference such as randomized experiments, regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference design, and instrumental variables. For each method we give a reader a general description as well as steps of a research design. We also briefly discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method. Armed with this knowledge, a reader can use it to find the method that is the most appropriate for a research problem at hand. We conclude by arguing that the ideas of causal inference are useful for both quantitative and qualitative research.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>каузальный анализ</kwd><kwd>каузальная модель Рубина</kwd><kwd>рандомизированный эксперимент</kwd><kwd>регрессионный разрыв</kwd><kwd>инструментальные переменные</kwd><kwd>матчинг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>causal inference</kwd><kwd>Rubin Causal Model</kwd><kwd>randomized experiment</kwd><kwd>regression discontinuity design</kwd><kwd>matching</kwd><kwd>instrumental variables</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J.A. The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation // American economic review. 2001. Vol. 91, N 5. P. 1369-1401. 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