politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2023.03.01politscience-959Research ArticleСОСТОЯНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫЛингвистические повороты: упущенные шансы и наличные возможностиLinguistic turns: chances lost and affordences regainedИльинМ. В.IlyinM. V.

Ильин Михаил Васильевич, д-р полит. наук, руководитель Центра перспективных методологий социально-гуманитарных исследований ИНИОН РАН; научный сотрудник Балтийского федерального университета им. И. Канта; профессор-исследователь факультета социальных наук НИУ ВШЭ

Москва; Калининград

 Mikhail Ilyin

Moscow; Kaliningrad

mikhaililyin48@gmail.comИнститут научной информации по общественным наукам (ИНИОН) РАН; Балтийский федеральный университет им. И. Канта; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияINION RAN; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University; HSE UniversityRussian Federation20230509202303Лингвистические повороты в политических и социальных науках1137Copyright © Ильин М.В., 20232023Ильин М.В.Ilyin M.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/959

В статье повороты трактуются как великие, крупные, меньшие и совсем крохотные переключения на использование возможностей прагматической, структуралистской и интерпретативной научно-исследовательских программам (Лакатос), а также тяготеющих к ним теорий и концепций. Обсуждаются ранние прецеденты, включая политическую компаративистику Э. Фримана и Чикагскую школу Ч. Мерриама. Затем рассматривается большой «лингвистический» поворот середины прошлого века, отмеченный новациями Л. Витгенштейна и Дж. Остина, исследованиями лингвистических и логических модальностей. Очередная волна отметилась подъемом изучения политических дискурсов и концептов, созданием типологий речевых актов и импликатур, развитием критической и структурной функциональной лингвистики и возникновением социальной семиотики. На этом фоне происходит деградация структуралистской традиции через постструктурализм к постмодернистским упражнениям сугубо индивидуального искусства чистой игры с произвольными формами. Получает дальнейшее развитие изучение когнитивных аспектов коммуникации и взаимодействия в политике, перформативов, нарративов, логономических систем и правил, мультимодального социального семиозиса, прагматики и прагмасемантики. Наконец, раскрывается результативность новаций, обсуждается, какие из них уже освоены, а какие нуждаются в дальнейшей разработке.

The article interprets linguistic and other turns as great, large, smaller and very tiny switches to the use of the possibilities of pragmatic, structuralist and interpretive research programs (Lakatos), as well as theories and concepts gravitating to them. It notes early precedents are discussed, including the political comparative studies of E. Freeman and the Chicago School of Charles Merriam and Harold Lasswell. Then the paper considers the great «linguistic» turn of the middle of the last century, marked by the innovations of Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Austin. The next wave included the rise of the study of political discourses and concepts, the creation of typologies of speech acts and implicatures, the development of critical and structural functional linguistics and the emergence of social semiotics. Against this background, there is a degradation of the structuralist tradition through poststructuralism to current fashions of an art of pure play with arbitrary forms. The further advances embrace cognitive aspects of communication and interaction in politics, performatives, logonomic systems and rules, multimodal social semiosis, pragmatics and pragmasemantics. Finally, the article identifies effectiveness of innovations and discusses which of them have already been mastered, and which need further development.

прагматикаречевые актымодальностидискурс-анализсоциальная семиотикапрагмасемантикаpragmaticslinguistic turnspeech actsmodalitiesdiscourse analysissocial semioticslogonomic systempragmasemanticsИсследование выполнено в рамках гранта РНФ (№ 22-18-00591) «Прагмасемантика как интерфейс и операциональная система смыслообразования» в Балтийском федеральном университете им. И. КантаThis research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant No 22-18-00591ReferencesБюиссанс Э. Абстрактное и конкретное в лингвистических фактах: речь – дискурс – язык // Политическая наука. – 2016. – № 3. – С. 209–216.Austin J.L. How to Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures Delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Oxford: The Clarindon Press, 1962, 174 p.Венедиктова Т.Д. Прагматический поворот — со скрипом // Новое литературное обозрение. – 2022. – № 6. – С. 189–200.Benveniste É. L'appareil formel de l'énonciation. Langages. 1970, N 17, P. 12–18.Витгенштейн Л. Философские работы: Ч. 1. – М.: Гнозис. – 1994. – 612 с.Bergmann G. Logic and reality. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin press, 1964, 355 p.Волков В.В., Хархордин О.В. Теория практик. – СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2008. – 298 с.Bergmann G. Logical positivism, language and the reconstruction of metaphysics.Савчук В.В. Феномен поворота в культуре XX века // Международный журнал исследований культуры. – 2013. – № 1 (10). – С. 93–108.Rivista critica di storia della filosofia. 1953, Vol. 8, N 4, P. 453–481.Соссюр Ф. де. Курс общей лингвистики // Труды по языкознанию. – М.: Прогресс, 1977. – С. 31–273.Brunner O., Conze W., Koselleck R. (Hrsg.): Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. 8 Bände in 9. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1972–1997Хархордин О.В. Республика, или Дело публики. – СПб.: Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, 2020. – 162 с.Buissance E. Abstract and concrete in linguistic facts: speech – discourse – language. Political Science (RU). 2016, N 3, P. 209–216 (In Russian)Хархордин О.В. Основные понятия российской политики. – М.: Издательство НЛО, 2011. – 321 с.Burke K. Language as symbolic action: Essays on life, literature, and method. London: Univ of California Press, 1966, 514 p.Хархордин О.В. Как соединить монархию с демократией // Философия. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. – 2023. – Т. 7. – №. 1. – С. 62–127Burke K. Terministic screens. Proceedings of the American Catholic philosophical association. 1965, Vol. 39, P. 87–102.Colas D., Kharkhordin O. (eds). The materiality of res publica: How to do things with publics. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, 288 p.Colas D., Kharkhordin O. (eds). The materiality of res publica: How to do things with publics. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, 288 p.Dunn W.N. Improving Russian and East European studies by building on pragmatism and the lost legacy of the policy sciences. Russian studies, political science, and the philosophy of technology. Lanham: Lexington books, 2022, P. 255–274.Dunn W.N. Improving Russian and East European studies by building on pragmatism and the lost legacy of the policy sciences. Russian studies, political science, and the philosophy of technology. Lanham: Lexington books, 2022, P. 255–274.Dunn W.N. Pragmatism and the origins of the policy sciences: rediscovering Lasswell and the Chicago school. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2019, 82 p.Dunn W.N. Pragmatism and the origins of the policy sciences: rediscovering Lasswell and the Chicago school. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2019, 82 p.Fowler R. Language in the news: discourse and ideology in the press. N.Y.; L.: Routledge, 1991, 254 p.Fowler R. Language in the news: discourse and ideology in the press. N.Y.; L.: Routledge, 1991, 254 p.Fowler R., Hodge, B., Kress, G., Trew, T. Language and Control. N.Y.; L.: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, 224 p.Fowler R., Hodge, B., Kress, G., Trew, T. Language and Control. N.Y.; L.: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, 224 p.Fowler R., Kress G. Critical linguistics In: Language and control. N.Y.; L.: Routledge, 2018, P. 185–213.Fowler R., Kress G. Critical linguistics In: Language and control. N.Y.; L.: Routledge, 2018, P. 185–213.Habermas J. Richard Rorty’s Pragmatic Turn. In: Brandom R.B. (ed.). Rorty and his critics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2000, P. 31–55.Habermas J. Richard Rorty’s Pragmatic Turn. In: Brandom R.B. (ed.). Rorty and his critics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2000, P. 31–55.Halliday M.A. K. Anti-languages. American anthropologist. 1976, Vol. 78, N 3, P. 570–584.Halliday M.A. K. Anti-languages. American anthropologist. 1976, Vol. 78, N 3, P. 570–584.Kharkhordin O. Main concepts of Russian Politics. M.: NLO Publishers. 2011, 321 p. (In Russ.)Kharkhordin O. Main concepts of Russian Politics. M.: NLO Publishers. 2011, 321 p. (In Russ.)Kharkhordin O. Republic or Res Publica. Saint Petersburg: European university publishers. 2020, 162 p. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O. Republic or Res Publica. Saint Petersburg: European university publishers. 2020, 162 p. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O.V. How to combine monarchy with democracy. Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2023, Vol. 7, N 1, P. 62–127. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O.V. How to combine monarchy with democracy. Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2023, Vol. 7, N 1, P. 62–127. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O. What is the state? The Russian concept of Gosudarstvo in the European context. History and theory. 2001, Vol. 40, N 2, P. 206–240.Kharkhordin O. What is the state? The Russian concept of Gosudarstvo in the European context. History and theory. 2001, Vol. 40, N 2, P. 206–240.Kharkhordin O. Why res publica is not a state: The stoic grammar and discursive practices in Cicero's conception. History of political thought. 2010, Vol. 31, N 2, P. 221–246.Kharkhordin O. Why res publica is not a state: The stoic grammar and discursive practices in Cicero's conception. History of political thought. 2010, Vol. 31, N 2, P. 221–246.Kharkhordin O.V. Basic concepts of Russian politics. Moscow: UFO Publishing House, 2011, 321 p. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O.V. Basic concepts of Russian politics. Moscow: UFO Publishing House, 2011, 321 p. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O.V. The Republic, or Res Publica. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2020, 162 p. (In Russian)Kharkhordin O.V. The Republic, or Res Publica. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2020, 162 p. (In Russian)Lasswell H.D. Language of politics: Studies in quantitative semantics. N.Y.: G.W. Stewart, 1949, 398 p.Lasswell H.D. Language of politics: Studies in quantitative semantics. N.Y.: G.W. Stewart, 1949, 398 p.Lasswell H.D. Politics: Who gets what, when, how. New York: Whittlesey House, 1936, ix, 264 p.Lasswell H.D. Politics: Who gets what, when, how. New York: Whittlesey House, 1936, ix, 264 p.Merriam Ch.E. Political power: its composition and Incidence. New York: McGrawHill Book Company, 1934, 331 p.Merriam Ch.E. Political power: its composition and Incidence. New York: McGrawHill Book Company, 1934, 331 p.Pateman T. Accountability, Values, Schooling. eds Tony Becher and Stuart Maclure. Windsor: National Foundation for Educational Research. 1978, P. 61–94.Pateman T. Accountability, Values, Schooling. eds Tony Becher and Stuart Maclure. Windsor: National Foundation for Educational Research. 1978, P. 61–94.Pateman T. Language, truth and politics. Sidmouth: J. Stroud and T. Pateman, 1975, 112 p.Pateman T. Language, truth and politics. Sidmouth: J. Stroud and T. Pateman, 1975, 112 p.Pateman T. 'Linguistics as a Branch of Critical Theory'. UEA Papers in Linguistics. 1981, N 14/15, P. 1–29.Pateman T. 'Linguistics as a Branch of Critical Theory'. UEA Papers in Linguistics. 1981, N 14/15, P. 1–29.Peirce C. How to Make our Ideas Clear. Popular Science Monthly. 2016, N 12, P. 286–302.Peirce C. How to Make our Ideas Clear. Popular Science Monthly. 2016, N 12, P. 286–302.Peirce C.S. How to make our ideas clear. Popular science monthly. 1878, Vol. 12, P. 286–302.Peirce C.S. How to make our ideas clear. Popular science monthly. 1878, Vol. 12, P. 286–302.Peirce C.S. La logique de la science: deuxième partie: Comment rendre nos idées claires. Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger. 1879, P. 39–57.Peirce C.S. La logique de la science: deuxième partie: Comment rendre nos idées claires. Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger. 1879, P. 39–57.Rorty R. (ed.). The linguistic turn: Essays in philosophical method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967, 393 p.Rorty R. (ed.). The linguistic turn: Essays in philosophical method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967, 393 p.Rorty R. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, 401 p.Rorty R. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, 401 p.Rorty R. Realism, Categories, and the “Linguistic Turn”. International philosophical quarterly. 1962, Vol. 2, N 2, P. 307–322.Rorty R. Realism, Categories, and the “Linguistic Turn”. International philosophical quarterly. 1962, Vol. 2, N 2, P. 307–322.Sanders G. Peirce's sixty-six signs? Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 1970, P. 3–16.Sanders G. Peirce's sixty-six signs? Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 1970, P. 3–16.Sartori G. (ed.). Social science concepts: a systematic analysis. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage publications, 1984, 455 p.Sartori G. (ed.). Social science concepts: a systematic analysis. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage publications, 1984, 455 p.Sartori G. Concept misformation in comparative politics. American political science review. 1970, Vol. 64, N 4, P. 1033–1053.Sartori G. Concept misformation in comparative politics. American political science review. 1970, Vol. 64, N 4, P. 1033–1053.Sartori G., Riggs F.W., Teune H. (eds). Tower of Babel: on the definition and analysis of concepts in the social sciences. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh press, 1975, 107 p.Sartori G., Riggs F.W., Teune H. (eds). Tower of Babel: on the definition and analysis of concepts in the social sciences. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh press, 1975, 107 p.Saussure F. Cours de linguistique générale (publication originale 1916). Paris: Payot. 1971, 408 p.Saussure F. Cours de linguistique générale (publication originale 1916). Paris: Payot. 1971, 408 p.Savchuk V.V. The phenomenon of turn in the culture of the XX century. International Journal of Cultural Studies. 2013, N 1 (10), P. 93–108. (In Russian)Savchuk V.V. The phenomenon of turn in the culture of the XX century. International Journal of Cultural Studies. 2013, N 1 (10), P. 93–108. (In Russian)van Dijk T.A. Discourse Studies. New Delhi: Sage, 2007, 2128 p.van Dijk T.A. Discourse Studies. New Delhi: Sage, 2007, 2128 p.van Dijk T.A. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. 4 vols. London: Academic Press, 1985. Vol 1: Disciplines of Discourse, 302 p.; Vol. 2: Dimensions of Discourse, 279 p.; Vol. 3: Discourse and Dialogue, 251 p.; Vol. 4: Discourse Analysis and Society, 228 p.van Dijk T.A. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. 4 vols. London: Academic Press, 1985. Vol 1: Disciplines of Discourse, 302 p.; Vol. 2: Dimensions of Discourse, 279 p.; Vol. 3: Discourse and Dialogue, 251 p.; Vol. 4: Discourse Analysis and Society, 228 p.Venediktova T.D. Pragmatic turn - with a creak. New Literary Review. 2022, N 6, P. 189–200.Venediktova T.D. Pragmatic turn - with a creak. New Literary Review. 2022, N 6, P. 189–200.Volkov V.V., Kharkhordin O.V. Theory of practices. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2008, 298 p. (In Russian)Volkov V.V., Kharkhordin O.V. Theory of practices. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2008, 298 p. (In Russian)von Humboldt W. Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts. B.: Druckerei der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1836, 511 s.von Humboldt W. Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts. B.: Druckerei der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1836, 511 s.Wittgenstein L. Philosophical works, part 1. Moscow: Gnosis. 1994. 612 p. (In Russ.)Wittgenstein L. Philosophical works, part 1. Moscow: Gnosis. 1994. 612 p. (In Russ.)Zellig H. Discourse analysis. Language. 1952, Vol. 28, N 1, P. 1–30.Zellig H. Discourse analysis. Language. 1952, Vol. 28, N 1, P. 1–30.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.