politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2023.03.09politscience-967Research ArticleПЕРВАЯ СТЕПЕНЬОт права до получения услуги: как дистанционное голосование трансформирует электоральные процессы?From entitlement to service: how is absentee voting transforming electoral processes?БабаянВ. В.BabayanV. V.

Бабаян Валерия Витальевна, аспирант Аспирантской школы по политическим наукам,

Москва

Babayan Valeria,

Moscow

vv.babayan@hse.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияHSE UniversityRussian Federation20230709202303Лингвистические повороты в политических и социальных науках190212Copyright © Бабаян В.В., 20232023Бабаян В.В.Babayan V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/967

Дистанционное голосование изначально предусматривалось как способ демократизации электоральных процедур, однако его внедрение во многих странах бросает вызов легитимности выборов, повышая риски мошенничества, потенциально меняя композицию электората и ставя избирателей в неравные условия. Настоящая статья представляет собой обзор и синтез ответов на вопросы о том, как дистанционное голосование (по почте и через Интернет) трансформирует электоральные процессы в демократических режимах как на микро-, так и макроуровне. В частности, обзор фокусируется на нормативной критике дистанционного голосования, теоретических и эмпирических ответах на эту критику, а также выявленных исследователями положительных и отрицательных эффектах его внедрения – как масштабных, так и выраженных в электоральном поведении граждан, выбирающих различные способы голосования. В статье также приводится полусистематический обзор результатов исследований, отвечающих на вопросы о влиянии дистанционного голосования на явку и композицию электората. Поскольку затрагиваемые в статье сюжеты, как правило, не изучаются под предлагаемым здесь углом и не являются в чистом виде эмпирическими, обзор направлен на извлечение нового знания из синтеза и критики релевантных исследований. Статья демонстрирует потенциал для объединения усилий в рамках изучения дистанционных форматов голосования вместо фокусирования на отдельных способах как принципиально о отличных друг от друга. Обзор также позволяет выделить перспективные направления изучения как дистанционного, так и других альтернативных форматов голосования: анализа субнациональной вариации их эффектов, а также лонгитюдных исследований на микроуровне.

Absentee voting has originally been envisioned as a way to democratize electoral procedures, but its introduction in many countries challenges the legitimacy of elections, increasing risks of fraud, potentially changing the composition of the electorate, and putting voters in unequal circumstances. This article provides an overview and synthesis of responses to questions about how absentee voting (by mail and Internet) is transforming electoral processes in democratic regimes at both the micro and macro levels. In particular, the review focuses on the normative criticism of absentee voting, the theoretical and empirical responses to this criticism, and the positive and negative effects of its implementation, both large-scale and reflected in the electoral behavior of citizens who choose different ways of voting, as identified by researchers. The article also provides a semi-systematic overview of the results of the studies answering the questions about the influence of remote voting on the turnout and composition of the electorate. Albeit the issues addressed in the article are not typically examined from the angle proposed here and are not purely empirical, the review seeks to extract new knowledge from a synthesis and critique of relevant research. The article demonstrates the potential for pooling efforts in the study of absentee voting formats instead of focusing on specific modes as fundamentally different from one another. The review allows us to highlight promising directions for the study of both absentee voting and other alternative voting formats: the analysis of subnational variation of their effects, as well as longitudinal studies at the micro-level.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.