politscienceПолитическая наукаPolitical science1998-1775ИНИОН РАН10.31249/poln/2025.03.10politscience-984Research ArticleПЕРВАЯ СТЕПЕНЬМногоуровневое управление в Европейском союзе: как объяснить принятие решений за пределами «правил игры»?Multilevel governance in the European Union: how to explain decision-making beyond the “rules of the game”?БорисенкоМ. С.BorisenkoM. S.

Борисенко Максим Сергеевич, аспирант, приглашенный преподаватель департамента политологии и международных отношенийСанкт-Петербург

Borisenko Maksim

Saint Petersburg

msborisenko.sp@gmail.comНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияHSE UniversityRussian Federation20251509202503Многоуровневая политика и политико-территориальная гетерогенность232252Copyright © Борисенко М.С., 20252025Борисенко М.С.Borisenko M.S.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/984

     К началу нулевых политические ученые, изучающие Европейский союз, обратили внимание на систему взаимодействия между наднациональными, национальными и региональными акторами как по горизонтали, так и по вертикали. В результате описания этой системы появилась теория многоуровневого управления. Ее ключевая идея заключается в распределении властных полномочий между различными субъектами, которые зачастую не совпадают с традиционными государственными институтами. Конфликты, связанные с разделением полномочий и решением других вопросов, согласно положениям теории, должны были разрешаться посредством постоянных переговоров между акторами на различных уровнях.     Тем не менее в реальности мы можем наблюдать случаи, когда наднациональные акторы вмешиваются в сферы компетенции национальных правительств. Подобное сложно интерпретировать как переговорный процесс, поскольку такие ситуации сопровождаются принудительным вмешательством, направленным на усиление контроля над принятием решений. Поскольку такие ситуации отличаются от классического переговорного процесса в рамках теории многоуровневого управления, важно понять, какие механизмы используются наднациональными акторами для вмешательства в процесс принятия решений там, где у них нет на это формальных прав.     Данная статья нацелена на анализ объяснительной способности ряда теорий, используемых обычно для анализа политических процессов в Европейском союзе – интерговернментализма, супранационализма и многоуровневого управления, а также теорий более низкого уровня, описывающих механизмы взаимодействия между различными акторами Европейского союза. В результате такого анализа можно констатировать, что каждая из указанных теорий является полезной для понимания отдельных составляющих описанной проблемы: интерговернментализм акцентирует внимание на позиции национальных правительств, супранационализм – на действиях наднациональных институтов, а теория многоуровневого управления – на институциональной структуре взаимодействия различных уровней власти. В то же время более узкоспециализированные теории, такие как «модель интеграции» Филиппа Геншеля и Маркуса Яхтенфухса, а также концепция дифференцированной интеграции, позволяют более детально анализировать внутренние политические процессы в рамках Европейского союза.

By the early 2000s, political scientists studying the European Union had turned their attention to the system of interaction between supranational, national and regional actors, both horizontally and vertically. As a result of describing this system, the theory of multi-level governance emerged. The key idea of this concept is the distribution of powers between different entities, which often do not coincide with traditional state institutions. Conflicts related to the division of powers and other issues, according to the the theory, should have been resolved through ongoing negotiations between actors at different levels. However, we can observe cases where supranational actors interfere in the areas of competence of national governments. Such cases are difficult to interpret as a negotiation process, since they are accompanied by coercive intervention aimed at strengthening control over decision-making. Since such situations differ from the classical negotiation process within the framework of the theory of multi-level governance, it is important to understand how they occur. To this end, we will turn to the main theories explaining the functioning of the European Union: intergovernmentalism, supranationalism and multi-level governance, as well as lower- level theories describing the mechanisms of interaction between different actors of the European Union. Based on the results of our analysis, we can note that no theory can provide a full, exhaustive answer to our question. However, each of them allows us to understand part of this answer: intergovernmentalism focuses on the position of national governments, supranationalism – on the actions of supranational institutions, and the theory of multi-level governance – on the institutional structure of interaction between different levels of government. At the same time, more narrowly specialized theories, such as the “integration model” of Henschel and Jachtenfuchs, as well as the concept of differentiated integration, allow a more detailed analysis of internal political processes within the European Union.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.