Party Systems of the Word: Regional and Chronological Distribution, Patterns of Sustainability
Abstract
The article develops a new method for party system classification, based on representing information about the relative sizes of political parties in graphical form. This allows for identifying and classifying 162 democratic party systems that have existed in the world from 1792 through 2009. A new measure of party system fragmentation, the systemic effective number of parties, is introduced. The article arrives at a number of empirical conclusions regarding the regional and chronological distributions of different party system types, and the patterns of their sustainability.
About the Authors
Григорий Голосов
Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
G. V. Golosov
Russian Federation
References
1. Blondel J. Party systems and patterns of government in western democracies // Canadian journal of political science. - Toronto, 1968. - Vol. 1. - P. 180-203.
2. Bogaards M. Counting parties and identifying dominant party systems in Africa // European journal of political research. - Amsterdam, 2004. - Vol. 43. - P. 173-197.
3. Bogaards M. Measuring democracy through election outcomes: A critique with African data // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2007. - Vol. 40. - P. 1211-1237.
4. Caramani D. Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral results by constituencies. - L.; N. Y.: Macmillan reference, 2000. - xxi, 1090 p.
5. Chhibber P., Nooruddin I. Do party systems count? The number of parties and government performance in the Indian states // Comparative political studies. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2004. - Vol. 37. - P. 152-187.
6. Cook C. European political facts of the twentieth century. - 5th ed. - N.Y.: Palgrave, 2001. - ix, 481 p.
7. Cox D.R., Oakes D. Analysis of survival data. - L.: Chapman and Hall, 1984. - viii, 201 p.
8. Cox G. Electoral rules and electoral coordination // Annual review of political science. - Palo Alto, CA, 1999. - Vol. 2. - P. 145-161.
9. Elections in Africa: A data handbook / D. Nohlen, B. Thibaut, M. Krennerich (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1999. - 1000 p.
10. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A data handbook / D. Nohlen, F. Grotz, C. Hartmann (eds.). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2001. - 776 p.
11. Elections in the Americas: A data handbook / D. Nohlen (ed.). - Oxford: Oxford University press, 2005. - 1384 p.
12. Golosov G.V. Party system classification: a methodological inquiry // Party politics. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2011. - Vol. 17. - P. 539-560.
13. Golosov G.V. The effective number of parties: A new approach // Party politics. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2010. - Vol. 16. - P. 171-192.
14. Grofman B. The comparative analysis of coalition formation and duration: Distinguishing between-country and within-country effects // British journal of political science. - L., 1989. - Vol. 19. - P. 291-302.
15. Comparing and contrasting the uses of two graphical tools for displaying patterns of multiparty competition / B. Grofman, A. Chiaramonte, R. D'Alimonte, S. L. Feld // Party politics. - Thousand Oaks, CA, 2004. - Vol. 10. - P. 273-299.
16. Gross D., Sigelman L. Comparing party systems: A multidimensional approach // Comparative politics. - N.Y., 1984. - Vol. 16. - P. 463-479.
17. Huntington S.P. The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. - Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma press, 1991. - xvii, 366 p.
18. Laakso M., Taagepera R. «Effective» number of parties: A measure with application to West Europe // Comparative political studies. - Beverly Hills, CA, 1979. - Vol. 12. - P. 3-27.
19. Lijphart A. Electoral systems and party systems: A study of twenty-seven democracies. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1994. - xvii, 209 p.
20. Mackie T.T., Rose R. International almanac of electoral history. - 2nd ed. - Washington, D.C.: Macmillan/CQ press, 1991. - xv, 511 p.
21. Mainwaring S. Rethinking party systems in the third wave of democratization: The case of Brazil. - Stanford: Stanford univ. press, 1999. - xix, 390 p.
22. Mair P. Comparing party systems // Comparing democracies 2: New challenges in the study of elections and voting / L. LeDuc, R.G. Niemi, P. Norris (eds.). - L., 2002. - P. 88-107.
23. Mair P. Searching for the positions of political actors: A review of approaches and a critical evaluation of expert surveys // Estimating the policy positions of political actors / M. Laver (ed.). - L., 2001. - P. 10-30.
24. Mozaffar S., Scaritt J.R., Galaich G. Electoral institutions, ethno-political cleavages, and party systems in Africa's emerging democracies // American political science review. - Washington, D.C., 2003. - Vol. 97. - P. 379-390.
25. Political parties of the world. - 6th edition / B. Szajkowski (ed.). - L.: John Harper, 2005. - x, 710 p.
26. Ranney A., Kendall W. The American party systems // American political science review. - Washington, D.C., 1954. - Vol. 48. - P. 477-485.
27. Riker W.H. The two-party system and Duverger's law: An essay on the history of political science // American political science review. - Washington, D.C., 1982. - Vol. 76. - P. 753-766.
28. Sanchez O. Party non-systems: A conceptual innovation // Party politics. - Thousand Oaks, 2009. - Vol. 15. - P. 487-520.
29. Sartori G. Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1976. - 344 p.
30. Shugart M.S., Carey J. Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1992. - ix, 316 p.
31. Siaroff A. Comparative European party systems: An analysis of parliamentary elections since 1945. - N.Y.; L.: Taylor and Francis, 2000. - xvi, 484 p.
32. Sikk A. How unstable? Volatility and the genuinely new parties in Eastern Europe // European journal of political research. - Amsterdam, 2005. - Vol. 44. - P. 391-412.
33. Spiess C. Democracy and party systems in developing countries: A comparative study of India and South Africa. - Abingdon: Routledge, 2002. - xiii, 252 p.
34. Von Bertalanffy L. General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. - N.Y.: George Braziller, 1968. - xxiv, 295 p.
35. Ware A. Political parties and party systems. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1996. - xix, 435 p.
36. Wolinetz S. Party systems and party system types // Handbook of party politics / R.S. Katz, W. Crotty (eds.). - L., 2006. - P. 51-62.
Review
Views:
177
Email this article 
Post a Comment 