The party and democracy in the post-industrial era
Abstract
This paper argues that parties are losing legitimacy because of their adaptation to the changing environment. In the passage towards the post-modern or «liquid» society parties had to respond to the shrinking of their resources produced by a decreasing membership in front of rising organizational costs. The solution to parties' difficulties has been found in penetrating the state precisely to exploit its resources to their benefit. In order to acquire more public resources they have to expand the patronage side of their activity. But this expansion has the negative effect of depressing the parties' symbolic and collective incentives for membership, so crucial to the parties' legitimacy. In this way parties are trapped into a vicious circle: more resources they acquire, the more they lose confidence and legitimacy.
About the Authors
Пьеро Игнаци
Университет Болоньи (Италия)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
P. . Ignazi
Russian Federation
References
1. Abedi A. Challenges to established parties // European journal of political research. - Blackwell, 2002. - Vol. 41. - P. 551-583.
2. Appleton A. The formal versus the informal rules of French political parties // How political parties work. Perspectives from within / Lawson K. (ed). - Westport: Praeger, 1994. - P. 3-22.
3. Bardi L. Party responses to electoral dealignment in Italy // Political parties and electoral change / Ed. by Mair P., Mьller W., Plasser F. - L.: Sage, 2004. - P. 111-144.
4. I parititi Italiani: Iscritti, dirigenti, eletti / A cura di Bardi L., Ignazi P., Massari O. - Milan: EGEA, 2007. - 306 p.
5. Bauman Z. Liquid modernity. - Cambridge: Polity press, 2000. - 228 p.
6. Bergman T. Sweden: democratic reforms and partisan decline in an emerging separation-of-powers system // Scandinavian political studies. - Oslo [e.a.]: Sandinavian univ. press, 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 203-225.
7. Betz H.-G. La droite populiste en Europe. Extrйme et Dйmocrate? - Paris: Autrement, 2004. - 252 p.
8. Billardo L. Party membership in France: Measures and data-collection // French politics. - Palgrave publishers ltd, 2003. - N 1. - P. 137-151.
9. Bille L. Democratizing a democratic procedure. Myth or reality? Candidate selection in Western European parties 1960-1990 // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. - N 7. - P. 379-90.
10. Blondel J. Party government, patronage and party decline in Western Europe // Political parties. Old concepts and new challenges / Ed. by Gunther R., Montero J.R., Linz J. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - P. 233-256.
11. Blyth M., Katz R.S. From catch-all politics to cartelisation: The political economy of the cartel party // West European politics. - Routledge, 2005. - Vol. 28. - P. 33-60.
12. Bowler Sh., Carter E., Farrell D. Changing party access to elections // Democracy transformed? Expanding political opportunities in advanced industrial democracies / Ed. by Cain B., Russell D., Scarrow S. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2003. - P. 81-111.
13. Les partis politiques / Brйchon P. (dir). - Paris: La documentation franзaise, 2001. - 175 p.
14. Briquet J.L., Sawicki F. Le clientйlisme politique dans les sociйtйs contemporaines. - Paris: Puf, 1997. - 440 p.
15. Carty K. Parties as franchise systems: The stratarchical organizational imperative // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - N 1. - P. 5-24.
16. Cazorla J. Del clientelismo tradicional al clientelismo de partido: Evolucion y caracterмstica // Working paper. - Barcelona: Institut de cиncies politмques i socials, 1992. - N 55. - 25 p.
17. Chadel F. Le Partido popular. Transformations organisationelles au service dune efficacitи electorale // Dйmocraties chrйtienes et conservatismes en Europe. Une nouvelle convergence? / Delwit P. (dir). - Bruxelles: Editions de l' universitи de Bruxelles, 2003. - P. 147-166.
18. Collins N. Parliamentary democracy in Ireland // Parliamentary affairs. - L.: Oxford univ. press, 2004. - Vol. 57. - P. 601-612.
19. Daalder H. The comparative study of European parties and party systems: An overview // Western European party systems. Continuity and change / Ed. by Daalder H., Mair P. - L.: Sage, 1983. - P. 1-28.
20. Daalder H. A crisis of party? // Scandinavian political studies. - Oslo [е.a.]: Sandinavian univ. press, 1992. - Vol. 15. - P. 269-288.
21. Dalton R., Russell J. Citizens politics public opinion and political parties in advanced industrial democracies. - 4th ed. - Wash.: CQ press, 2006. - 259 p.
22. Dalton R., McAllister I., Wattenberg I. The consequences of party dealignment // Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies / Ed. by Dalton R. and Wattenberg M. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2000. - P. 37-63.
23. Dalton R., Weldon S. Public images of political parties: A necessary evil? // West European Politics. - Routledge, 2005. - Vol. 28. - P. 931-951.
24. Damgaard E. Developments in Danish parliamentary democracy: Accountability, parties and external constraints // Scandinavian political studies. - Oslo [e.a.]: Scandinavian univ. press, 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 115-130.
25. De Winter L., Della Porta D. Partitocracies between crisis and reforms: The cases of Italy and Belgium // Res publica. - Leiden: Leiden univ., 1996. - Vol. 38 (special issue). - P. 215-236.
26. Deschouwer K. Political parties and their reactions to the erosion of voter loyalty in Belgium: Caught in a trap // Political parties and electoral change / Ed. by Mair P., Mьller W. and Plasser F. - L.: Sage, 2004. - P. 179-206.
27. Dolez B., Laurent A. Quand les militants du RPR йlisent leur prйsident // Revue franзaise de science politique. - Paris: Presses de sciences po, 2000. - Vol. 50. - P. 125-146.
28. Haegel F. Conflict and change in the rassemblement pour la rйpublique // The organization of political parties in Southern Europe / Ed. by Ignazi P. and Ysmal C. - Westport: Praeger, 1998. - P. 26-42.
29. Haegel F. A la recherche de la «densitй» des phйnomиnes organisationels: L'exemple du RPR // Les partis politiques. Quelles perspectives? / Andolfatto D., Greffet F., Laurent O. (dir). - Paris: L'Harmattan, 2001. - P. 83-98.
30. Haegel F. The transformation of the French right: Institutional imperatives and organizational changes // French politics. - Palgrave publishers ltd, 2004. - N 2. - P. 185-202.
31. Heidar K. Norwegian parties and party system: Steadfast and changing // West European politics. - Routledge, 2005. - Vol. 28. - P. 807-833.
32. Holmberg S. Are political parties necessary? // Electoral studies. - Elsevier, 2004. - Vol. 22. - P. 287-299.
33. Hopkin J. A «southern model» of electoral mobilisation? Clientelism and electoral politics in Spain // West European politics. - Routledge, 2001. - Vol. 24. - P. 115-136.
34. Hopkin J., Mastropaolo A. From patronage to clientelism: Comparing the Italian and Spanish experiences // Clientelism, interests and democratic representation / Ed. by Piattoni S. - Cambridge, Cambridge univ. press, 2001. - P. 152-171.
35. House of Commons library / Parliament and constitutional centre. Research paper. - L., 2005. - N 05/30: The quango debate. - Mode of access: http://www.parliament.uk/ documents/commons/lib/research/rp2005/rp05-030.pdf (Дата посещения: 12.08.2010.)
36. Ignazi P. Il potere dei partiti. La politica in Italia dagli anni Sessanta ad oggi. - Bari-Roma: Laterza, 2002. - 252 p.
37. Ignazi P. Extreme right parties in Western Europe. - 2nd ed. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2006. - 320 p.
38. Juhem Ph. La production notabiliare du militantisme au parti socialiste // Revue franзaise de science politique. - Paris: Presses de sciences po, 2006. - Vol. 56. - P. 909-943.
39. Katz R.S. The internal life of parties // Political parties in the New Europe / Ed. by Luther K.R., Muller-Rommel F. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - P. 87-118.
40. Katz R.S., Mair Peter. Changing models of party organization and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. - N 1. - P. 5-28.
41. Katz R.S., Mair Peter. The ascendancy of the party in public office: Party organizational change in twentieth-century democracies // Political parties. Old concepts and new challenges / Ed. by Gunther R., Montero J.R., Linz J. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - P. 113-135.
42. Kirchheimer O. The transformation of the Western European party system // Political parties and political development / Ed. by La Palombara J., Weiner M. - Princeton: Princeton univ. press, 1966. - P. 177-200.
43. Kitschelt H. The demise of clientelism in affluent capitalist democracies // Patrons, clients and policies. Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition / Ed. by Kitschelt H., Wilkinson S. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2007. - P. 298-321.
44. Patrons, clients and policies. Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition / Kitschelt H., Wilkinson S. (eds). - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2007. - 392 p.
45. Kittilson M.C., Scarrow S. Political parties and the rethoric and realities of democratization // Democracy transformed? Expanding political opportunities in advanced industrial democracies / Ed. by Cain B., Russell D., Scarrow S. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2003. - P. 59-80.
46. Kopeky P. Political parties and the state in post-communist Europe: The nature of symbiosis // The journal of communist studies and transition politics. - Routledge, 2006. - Vol. 22. - P. 251-273.
47. Lawson K. Political parties and linkage: A comparative perspective. - New Haven: Yale univ. press, 1980. - 410 p.
48. Lefebvre R., Sawicki F. La sociйtй des socialistes. - Brossieux: Йditions du croquant, 2006. - 256 p.
49. Lewanski R. Italian administration in transition // South European society and politics. - Routledge, 1999. - N 4. - P. 97-131.
50. Linz J. Anti-party sentiments in Southern Europe // Political parties: Old concepts and new challenges / Gunther R., Montero J.R., Linz J. (eds). - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - P. 257-290.
51. Luther K.R. «Die freiheitlichen» // Handbuch des politischen System Osterreichs. Die zweite Republik / H. Dachs et al. (hrsg). - Wien: Manzsche Verlags-und Unversitдtsbuchhandlung, 1997. - P. 286-303.
52. Mair Peter. Party system change. Approaches and interpretations. - Oxford: Clarendon press, 1997. - 264 p.
53. Mair Peter. Democracy beyond parties // Working paper of the Center for the study of democracy. - Irvine: Univ. of California, 2005. - Vol. 05-06. - Mode of access: http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/3291/1/viewcontent.pdf (Дата посещения: 12.08.2010.)
54. Manin B. Principes du gouvernement reprиsentatif. - Paris: Calmann-Lйvy, 1995. - 324 p.
55. Massart A. L'Union pour la dйmocratie franзaise. - Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999. - 368 p.
56. Mesa A. La politizaciуn de las estructuras administrativas de las comunidades autonуmas // Revista espaсola de ciencia politica. - Madrid: Asociaciуn Espaсola de Ciencia Polнtica y de la Administraciуn, 2000. - N 1. - P. 211-235.
57. Meyer J.W., Scott R.W. 0rganizational environments. Ritual and rationality. - L.: Sage, 1992. - 302 p.
58. Morel L. Vers une dйmocratie directe partisane? // Revue franзaise de science politique. - Paris: Presses de sciences po, 2000. - Vol. 50. - P. 65-778.
59. Mьller W. Party patronage in Austria: Theoretical considerations and empirical findings // The Austrian party system / Ed. by Pelinka A., Plasser F. - Boulder: Westview press, 1989. - 458 р.
60. Mьller W. Patronage by national governments // The nature of party government / Ed. by Blondel J., Cotta M. - L.: Macmillan, 2000. - P. 141-160.
61. Mьller W. Political parties in parliamentary democracies: Making delegation and accountability work // European journal of political research. - Springer Netherlands, 2000. - Vol. 37. - P. 309-333.
62. Mьller W. The changing role of the Austrian civil service // From the service state to the enabling state / Ed. by Edward C.P. - Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2006. - 256 p.
63. Mьller W., Plasser F., Ulram P. Party responses to erosion of voter loyalties as an advantage and strength as a handicap // Political parties and electoral change / Ed. by Mair P., Mьller W., Plasser F. - L., N.Y.: Sage, 2004. - P. 145-178.
64. New politics in Western Europe. The rise and success of green parties and aternative lsts / Mьller-Rommel F. (ed.). - Boulder: Westview, 1989. - 230 р.
65. Narud H.M., Strшm K. Norway: madisonianism reborn // Scandinavian political studies. - Oslo [e.a.]: Sandinavian univ. press, 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 175-202.
66. O'Dwyer C. Runaway state building. How political parties shape states in postcommunist Eastern Europe // World politics. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2004. - Vol. 56. - P. 520-553.
67. Olivier L. Ambiguпtйs de la democratisation partisane en France (PS, RPR, UMP) // Revue franзaise de science politique. - Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2003. - Vol. 53. - P. 155-182.
68. Panebianco Angelo: Political Parties: Organization and Power. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1988. - 318 p.
69. Poguntke Th. Alternative politics. - Edimburgh: Edimburgh univ. press, 1993. - 224 р.
70. Poguntke Th. Parties in a legalistic culture: the case of Germany // How parties organize / Ed. by Katz R.S., Mair Peter. - L.: Sage, 1994. - P. 185-215.
71. Piattoni S. Clientelism in historical and comparative perspective // Clientelism, interests and democratic representation / Ed. by Piattoni S. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 2001. - P. 1-30.
72. Piattoni S. Il clientelismo: l'Italia in prospettiva comparata. - Roma: Carocci, 2005. - 198 р.
73. Raunio T. The changing Finnish democracy: stronger parliamentary accountability coalescing political parties and weaker external constraints // Scandinavian political studies. - Oslo [e.a.]: Sandinavian univ. press, 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 133-152.
74. Scarrow S. Parties and the expansion of direct democracy. Who benefits? // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. - N 5. - P. 341-362.
75. Scarrow S. Parties without members? Party organization in a changing electoral environment // Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced democracies / Ed. by Dalton R., Wattenberg M. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2000. - P. 79-101.
76. Sartori G. Parties and Party Systems. A Framework for Analysis, Vol. 1. - Cambridge: Cambridge univ. press, 1976. - 370 p.
77. Scarrow S. Making elections more direct? Reducing the role of parties in elections // Democracy transformed? Expanding political opportunities in advanced industrial democracies / Ed. by Cain B., Dalton R., Scarrow S. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2003. - P. 44-58.
78. Scarrow S. Embracing dealignment, combating realignment: German parties respond // Political parties and electoral change / Ed. by Mair P., Mьller W., Plasser F. - L.: Sage, 2004. - P. 86-110.
79. Scarrow S. Party subsidies and the freezing of party competition: Do cartel mechanisms work? // West European politics. - Routledge, 2006. - Vol. 29. - P. 619-639.
80. Schleder A. Anti-political-establishment parties // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 1996. - N 2. - P. 291-312.
81. Scoppola P. La repubblica dei partiti: profilo storico della democrazia in Italia, (1945-1990). - Bologna: il Mulino, 1991. - 449 р.
82. Seyd P. New party, new politics: A case study of the British labour // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. - N 5. - P. 387-409.
83. Shaw E. New labour in Britain? New democratic centralism? // West European politics. - Routledge, 2002. - Vol. 25. - P. 147-170.
84. Szczerbiak A. State party funding and patronage in post-1989 Poland // The journal of communist studies and transition politics. - Routledge, 2006. - Vol. 22. - P. 298-319.
85. Sotiropoulos D. Southern European public bureaucracies in comparative perspective // West European politics. - Routledge, 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 405-422.
86. Spourdalakis M. PASOK: The telling story of a unique organizational structure // The organization of political parties in Southern Europe / Ed. by Ignazi P., Ysmal C. - Westport: Praeger, 1998. - P. 202-220.
87. Tуka G. Election and representation // Developments in European politics / Ed. by Heywood P., et al. - Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006. - P. 117-135.
88. Torcal M., Gunther R., Montero J.R. Anti-party sentiments in Southern Europe // Political parties: Old concepts and new challenges / Ed. by Gunther R., Montero J.R., Linz J. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - P. 257-290.
89. Political disaffection in contemporary democracies / Torcal M., Montero J.R. (eds). - N.Y.: Routledge, 2006. - 373 р.
90. Van Biezen I. Political parties in new democracies: Party organization in Southern and East-Central Europe. - Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2003. - 272 р.
91. Van Biezen I. Political parties as public utilities // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - Vol. 10. - P. 701-722.
92. Van Biezen I., Kopecky P. The state and the parties public funding, public regulation and rent-seeking in contemporary democracies // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. - Vol. 13. - P. 235-254.
93. Van Deth J., Elff M. Politicisation, economic development and political interest in Europe // European journal of political research. - Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. - Vol. 45. - P. 477-508.
94. Van Deth J. Democracy and involvement: the benevolent aspects of social participation // Political disaffection in contemporary democracies / Ed. by Torcal M., Montero J.R. - N.Y.: Routledge, 2006. - P. 101-129.
95. Warner C. Political parties and the opportunity costs of patronage // Party politics. - Palgrave Macmillan, 1996. - N 3. - P. 533-548.
96. Webb P. The modern British party system. - L.: Sage, 2000. - 320 р.
97. Webb P. Conclusion: Political зarties and democratic control in advanced industrial societies // Political parties in advanced industrial democracies / Ed. by Webb P., Farrell D., Holliday I. - Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2002. - P. 438-459.
98. Webb P. Party responses to the changing electoral market in Britain // Political parties and electoral change / Ed. by Mair P., Mьller W., Plasser F. - L.: Sage, 2004. - P. 20-48.
99. Wilson D. Quangos in the skeletal state // Parliamentary affairs. - L.: Oxford univ. press, 1995. - Vol. 48. - P. 182-191.
100. Ysmal C. Les partis politiques sous la Vиme rйpublique. - Paris: Montchrestien, 1989. - 312 р.
101. Ysmal C. French political parties and linkage // Political parties and political systems: The concept of linkage revisited / Ed. by Roemmele A., Farrell D., Ignazi P. - Westport: Praeger, 2005. - P. 61-82.
Review
Views:
121
Email this article 
Post a Comment 