От права до получения услуги: как дистанционное голосование трансформирует электоральные процессы?

Дистанционное голосование изначально предусматривалось как способ демократизации электоральных процедур, однако его внедрение во многих странах бросает вызов легитимности выборов, повышая риски мошенничества, потенциально меняя композицию электората и ставя избирателей в неравные условия. Настоящая статья представляет собой обзор и синтез ответов на вопросы о том, как дистанционное голосование (по почте и через Интернет) трансформирует электоральные процессы в демократических режимах как на микро-, так и макроуровне. В частности, обзор фокусируется на нормативной критике дистанционного голосования, теоретических и эмпирических ответах на эту критику, а также выявленных исследователями положительных и отрицательных эффектах его внедрения – как масштабных, так и выраженных в электоральном поведении граждан, выбирающих различные способы голосования. В статье также приводится полусистематический обзор результатов исследований, отвечающих на вопросы о влиянии дистанционного голосования на явку и композицию электората. Поскольку затрагиваемые в статье сюжеты, как правило, не изучаются под предлагаемым здесь углом и не являются в чистом виде эмпирическими, обзор направлен на извлечение нового знания из синтеза и критики релевантных исследований. Статья демонстрирует потенциал для объединения усилий в рамках изучения дистанционных форматов голосования вместо фокусирования на отдельных способах как принципиально о отличных друг от друга. Обзор также позволяет выделить перспективные направления изучения как дистанционного, так и других альтернативных форматов голосования: анализа субнациональной вариации их эффектов, а также лонгитюдных исследований на микроуровне.

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